WORD
FORMATION
Compounds 3.
Form of words in compounds
Compounds that are adjectives, whose second member is an ä-stem, become
regular a/ä-stem adjectives,
e.g.,frädat.gaëffi-
< gaë9ä-.
The final
vowel of the first member usually becomes õ:
a-, ä-, or an-stems: daêuuõ.däta- "established by daëuuas";
daênõ.dis- < daênä- "showing the daënä(?)"• zruuõ.däta- <
zruuan- "established by (in?) time"; an invariable in -a: hupõ.busta-
< upa "well *scented"; haptõ.karšuuairï- "(consisting) of
seven continents" < hapta.
Nouns as second members of compounds are sometimes in the zero grade:
frädat.fšu- "furthering the sheep and goats" < pasu-; araduuafšnï-
"having high breasts" < fštäna-, spitäma- "having *swollen
strength" < * OHma- < ama-.
Some adjectives use an i-stem as the first member of a compound:
xšuuißra- "rushing, fast" > xšuuißi.išu- "with fast
arrows"; jafra- >jaißi.vafra- "with deep snow"; barazant-
> b9razi.gä9ra• "singing songs that reach high."
When a word with initial h- is used as second member of a compound a
prosthetic a is prefixed and h > Oh: a5õ.aohan- "winning aša" <
airime.aohad- armaëšad-) "sitting in
peace."
The first
member of a compound is sometimes in a case form:
nom.: YAv. afš.tacin- (< äfš0
) "with running water," afš.ciera- "having/containing the
seed of water," aß7ždäna- (< äfš-d0) "acting as
containers of water," karafš.x Var- "corpse-eating
(birds)," druxš.manah"harboring thoughts of deception ,"
ätarš.ci9ra- "having/containing the seed of fire"; acc.: vïra¿zjan-
"men-smashing," ašam.stut- "praising Order," darayam.jïti-
"long life" < darapm "for a long time" (adverb); gen.
drujas.kanä- "den of deception," zamas.ci9ra- "having/containing
the seed of earth"; dat. yauuaêjï- "living for ever," yauuaësü-
"being life-giving for ever"; loc.: barazi.räz- "drawing
straight lines(?)/ruling on high'; armaë.šad- "sitting in peace,"
maiöiiõi.šad'sitting in the middle," ra9aêštä- "standing on a
chariot, charitoeer," düraëdaras- "who sees far in(to) the distance.
'
VERBS
The perfect 
The perfect tense is formed by reduplication and a set of endings
differing from those of the present and aorist. The verbs äö- "to
say" and vaë&/vaë9- "to know" lack the reduplication.
The vowel of the reduplication syllable is usually a, i, or u, in
agreement with the vowel of the root, e.g., co-kan- < x]kan, da-öa- <
Ådã•, ci-kaë9- < Åkaë9/ki9, iri-ri9-< Åraë6/ri9; uru-raoô- <
Åraod/rud, note:
hušxVaf-
< Åxv af. Departures from this rule include a few verbs whose
reduplication syllable has long ä: dä-daras- < dvaën/dars, bä-buu- <
Nbao/bu, pä-fr- < 4par.
Roots beginning with ä- have long ä- in the perfect: äp- < NIãp,
doh- < Nah; roots beginning with aë-/i-
have
perfect stem in iiaë-, usually written yaë-: yaêš- < daëš/iš.
The perfect has a similar distribution of strong and weak stems as the
athematic verbs: strong stem in the indicative singular and the subjunctive
(some exceptions), weak stem elsewhere.
2003
The perfect has all the moods in Young Avestan except the imperative, as
well as a past tense, the pluperfect.
The perfect participle active is a uuah/uš-stem (note the internal
sandhi variations before the suffix). The middle participle ends in -äna-.
Note that
many perfect forms are found only in the Farhang ï Oïm (FO.).
Indicative
Active
1
-a dädarasa
(< ddars), c.ikaë,ea (< Nkaë9), jigauruua (< 4grab) vaëÐä0 diduuaëša (< 4duuaëš), O ururaoôa
(< draod)
2
dadä9a (< Ådä), vauuaxöa (<
Åvak; FO.)
3
-a
ålÿha (< Nah), (< Nlãd•,
FO.), äpa (< Åãp•, FO.), vaê&z daða (< ddã), vauuaca (< Nvak),
bauuara (< 4bar), cakana (< 4kan), daôära (< Ådar), hušxVafa
(< Åxvap), tataša (< dtaš), yaiiata (< 
(< xlvaëd "find"),
yaêša (< Åaëš), buuäuua (< 4bao),
Dual
3 -ätara vaocätar5 (< Åvak), väuuarzätar5
(< Åvarz), yaëtatara (< 4yat; FO.)
1 -nza diduuišma
(< dduuaëš), susruma (< N/srao)
3 -ara ålÿhara (< Nah), ädara (< Näd),
viðara (<vaêð-) dä&zra (< Ndä), baPrara (< 4bar), cäxrara (<
Nkar), Ošastara (< dhad), vaonara (< Åvan), iriri9ara (<
raë9-), bäbuuara (< 4bao)
Notes:
The -f- in hušxl'afa < 4xvap can perhaps be
compared with similar forms in Greek with aspiration, but this verb takes on
many unusual forms in Avestan (and Iranian).
The form
bäbuuara is probably for *bäuuara, with reintroduction of the b of the stem.
The form
(ni)šastara is from ni + ha-zd-tara with ruki of h > and assimilation of zdt
> st.
Middle
|
|
|
susruiie (< Åsrao/sru)
|
|
3
Dual
|
|
äiôe (< Åãd), daiðe (< 4dä), mamne
(< Åman), vaoce (< Åvac), vaoze (< 4vaz), tueruiie (< derao/eru)
|
|
3
|
-äitê
|
,mamnäite (< Åman)
|
Note:
The form
äzüzušte (P .43) may be perfect with secondary -te for -e.
242
Subjunctive
Active
3 -at vaê6at
3 -gn, -anti iieiiqn (< xlaë/i) (?) vaê9anti
Optative
Active
-iiam japniiqm (< Ågam), d.aiöiiqm (<
Ådä), Ošušuiiqm (< Åáao) 3 -iiät åÚhät (< 4ah), vaoniiä! (< 4van),
Ohisiöiiät (< hazdiiät
(<
3 -iiätam åúhät.tam
(< N]ah)
3 -in, -iian, 
daiðin
(< ddã), Obaßriiqn (< Åbar),
-iiäraš Osaciiäraš (<
Åsak)
Middle
3 -irarn vaoziram
(< Åvaz)
Notes:
The form
daiôin is analyzed as perfect from the context; it could be present optative.
If this
analysis of Osaciiäraš is correct the form must be from *sašciiäraš,
with -c- from -k- before i.
Pluperfect
Active
3 -at japnat (< 4gam), tatašat
(< Åtaš)
Perfect
participles
Active:
-uuah-/-uš-:
Both stems
attested:
|
|
stem
|
strong form
|
weak
form
|
|
Åkaë9
|
ciki9-/cici9-
|
ciki9ßah-, cici9ßah-
|
cici9uš-
|
|
N/dä
|
daö-
|
daðuuah- (for *daôßah-)
|
daeuš-
|
|
|
við-
|
viöuuah- (for *viôßah-)
|
viÐuš-
|
|
duak
|
vaok-
|
vaoxVah-
|
vaokuš-
|
|
|
vaun-
|
vauuanuuah- (for *vaonuuah-)
|
vaonuš-
|
|
|
|
yõi9ßah-
|
yaëtuš-
|
|
NIzã
|
zazä-
|
zazuuah-
|
zazuš-
|
Note:
daðuuah- and viðuuah- are for *daðßah- and *viðßah- with -ðuu- <
*-du- analogical from the weak forms.
ciki9ßah-,
cici9ßah-/cici9uš- could in principle be from dkaët/cit with weak stem for
*cicituš- analogical
2()()3
from the
strong stems, rather than from Åkaë9, whose meaning is not well understood.
Only one
stem attested, examples:
|
|
jayn-
|
jaynuuah-
|
|
|
Nlnas
|
nqs-
|
nesuuahtaršuuah-
|
|
|
gam
|
japn-
|
|
japnuš-
|
|
|
haohan-
|
|
haohanuš-
|
|
adman
|
manm-
|
|
mamnuš-
|
|
|
tatk-
|
|
tatkuš-
|
|
dvarz
|
väuuaraz-
|
|
väuuarazuš-
|
|
|
sašk-
|
|
saškuš-
|
Middle: -äna- (-ana-):
apäna-, daðräna-, da9äna-, havhanäna- (< han-),
iriri9äna-, mamnäna-, päparatäna- (< parat-), vauuazäna-, zazaräna-,
zuzuiiana- (< zao-)
Note: the
form zuzuiiana- must be for *zuzuuana- with uii after the 1st-3rd sing. *zuzuiie.
There are
two kinds of adjectives derived from the perfect stem:
l . in -u-: vi9u- < dvaëd
"knowing," zazu- < xlzã "winner," both
attested in the nom. sing. only, and jiyäuru- < Ågar/grä "waking,"
acc. sing. only. The form didrazuuõ in P.40-41 may be a thematized variant of
this formation or error for didrazuuå (< darz)
2. in
-9ßan-: yõi9ßan- < dyat "who has taken up (his) position.'
SYNTAX
Use of the
perfect
The "original" function of the perfect in proto-Indo-European
and in the oldest Indo-European languages was to express the state obtaining
from a past action or event. In Avestan this function is found with verbs of
perception, such as vaëða (originally: "I have seen" >) and
cikaë9a (originally: "I have noted, noticed"), both "I
know," and verbs of state, such as pairi.buuäuua "has come to be
around" > "surrounds," iriri9ara "they (have died and)
are (now) dead."
l . Verbs of perception
vaë9ãca tat *cikaë9acaa äi ašäum Zaraeuštra
mana xra9Päca cistica
"I
know and am aware of that, O Orderly Zarathustra, by my intellect and
insight." (Yt. 1.26)
a. Mss. talca kaë9ica.
• 
yõ näirikqm ci9rauuaitim daxštauuaitim vohunauuaitim
tbaoðõa viðuuå ciki9ßå baoöaoVhaitim vi9ušim auui cici9ušim
xšudrå auuifraoharazaiti
kat aÚhe asti paititiš kat aÚhe asti
äparaitiš kat aëtahe paiti varšta šiia09na cici9På azaêta
"He
who, being conscious (of it), knowing, (and) having noticed, releases (his)
sperm into a women with menses (and) bleeding, being conscious (of it),
knowing, (and) having noticed, how is he to atone for it? How is he to make pay
for it? How should he, (now) being aware, *counteract the done deeds of this
(matter)?" (V. 18.67-8)
a. For bao&zoVhå?
Intr
n i iv
aom asmanam yõ usca raoxšnõ frädarasrõ yõ imgm zqm
äca pairica buuãuua
"Yonder
sky up there, bright, far visible, which surrounds this earth above and
around." (Yt. 13.2)
*frãnaa åohqm nasunqm yå paiti äiia zamä
iriri9ara
"By
the great quantity of the corpses that lie dead all over this earth." (V.5.4)
a. Mss.frïna,fraëna,frana.
yõ näirikqm apu9rqm pipiiušim vä apipiiušim vä
anasaxtqm para xšudrå auui fraoharazaiti ahmat haca irišiiät
"He
who releases his sperm into a pregnant woman, whether giving or not giving milk
or before having reached her time(?), will he be harmed from that?" (V.
15.8)
3. Transitive verbs. expressing result
niuuaëöaiiemi havkäraiiemi daeušõAhurahe Mazdå raêuuatõ
xVarana1ÿVhatõ ... hukaraptamaheca ašät apanõ.tamaheca
huôämanõ vouru.rafnaohõ yõ nõ daôa yõ tataša yõ tu9ruiie yõ maniiuš
spa¿ztõ.tamõ
"I
invite, I assemble for the creator, Ahura Mazdä, the wealthy, fortunate ...
well put together, who obtains the most according to Order, the one of good
establishments, of wide-reaching support, who made us, who fashioned us, who
nurtured us, the most life-giving spirit." (Y. 1.1)
vispe tê Ahurõ Mazdå huuapõ valÿVhiš däm«n
ašaoniš yazamaide yäiš dadã9a pouruca vohuca
"We
sacrifice to all your good, Orderly establishments, O Ahura Mazdä of good
works, which you have made, both many and good." (Y .71.10)
Fräpaiiåsca
gairiš Udriiasca Raëuuåsca gairiš yaëšqmca parõ ma5iiäka aißitaë&zca
spaštaëðacaa gairinqm nämqn dãôara
"Mt.
Fräpaiiå, Mt. Udriia, Mt. Raëuuå, and (these) mountains whose names men of old
extablished on the basis of access and *seeing." (Yt. 19.6)
a. Ms. Fl aißitaë&a spašitaëðca.
(i hätqmca ayhušëlœa zätanqmca azätanqmca a5aonqm iða
jasutufrauuašaiiõ yõi hiš baßrara paitiiäpam nazdištaiiät apat haca
"May the Pre-souls of the
sustainers of Order, those who are, those who have been, those born, and those
(yet) unborn, come here, (to those) who have brought them against the current
from the nearest water(?)." (Y.65.6)
aoiriianqm tkaëšanqm paoiriianqm säsnõ.gušqm iða
ašaonvn ašaoningmca ahumca daênqmca baoôasca uruuänamcafrauuašimca yazamaide
yõi ašäi vaonara
"We
sacrifice here the existence, daênä, consciousness, soul, and Faith of the
Orderly men and women, the first teachers, the first to listen to (Ahura
Mazdä's) announcements, who have been victorious for (the sake of) Order."
(Y.26.4, Yt. 13.149)
Sraošam ašim huraoðam varaeräjanam ... yazamaide yõ
vispaëibiiõ haca arazaëibiiõ vauuanuuå paiti.jasaiti
"We
sacrifice to Sroša of the rewards, goodlooking, victorious ... who returns
victorious from all battles" (Y .57.11-12)
More
commonly the perfect is used in "absolute" ("ever")
statements.
4. In positive main clauses
• 
yõ paoiriiõ stõiš astuuai9iiå väcim aoxta viôõiium
ahura.tkaêšam yõ paoiriiõ stõiš astuuai9iiå väcimframraot viðõiium
ahura.tkaëšam yõ paoiriiõ stõiš astuuai9iiå vispQm *daëuuõ.tätama vauuaca
aiiesniiqm auuahmiigm
"(Zarathustra)
who (as) the first (ever) of the bony existence spoke the word discarding the
daëuuas, following the guidance of Ahura Mazda; who (as) the first of the bony
existence said forth the word discarding the daëuuas, following the guidance of
Ahura Mazdä; who (as) the first of the bony existence said that the name of
'daêuua' was not to be sacrificed to or hymned." (Yt. 13.90)
a. Mss. daêuuõ dätam.
vispanqm para.carantqm ätarš zasta
ãdiôaiia cim haxa haše baraiti fracara9ßå armaëšäiôe
"The fire has always looked
into the hands of all those who go past, (to see) what a friend brings a
friend, he who walks him who sits quietly." (Y .62.8)
vispanvnca aëšgm *Zaraeuštrima paoirim vahištam
ähuirim susruma tkaëšam
"Of
all these (guidances) we heard that of Zarathustra as the first and best (ever),
the guidance of
Ahura
Mazdä." (Yt. 13.148)
a. Mss. 0 9m.
kõ ahi
yõ zbaiiehi yeÚhe 
azam fräiiõ
"Who
are you who invoke me, whose voice, of those who invoke me the most, is the
most beautiful I have (ever) heard." (Yt. 17.17)
tanu.mazõ ašaiiäiti yõ tanu.mazõ *draošat tanu.mazõ
zï aëtqmcit ašaiiqm parre yõ nõit yauua mi9õ mamne nõit mi9õ vauuaca nõit
<mi9õ> b vãuuaraza
"He
performs (according to?) Order 'the size of a (whole?) body' who ... the size
of a body. For he has filled this Orderly method 'the size of a body', he who
has not ever thought anything wrong, has not said anything wrong, has not done
anything wrong." (P. 17 (18))
a. ? Mss. bïraošat. - b. Not in mss.
tum mqm cakana(!) yum humanõ huuacõ hušiiaoeana hudaëna
"You
have (always) loved me, O youth of good thought, etc." (H. 12.12)
Zara9uštrahe 
Spitämahe
paoiriiäi vohu mamnãnãipaoiriiäi vohu vaokuše paoiriiäi vohu vãuuarazuše ...
paoiriiäi
hayhananãi paoiriiäi haghanuše gqmca ašamca uxôamca
"We
sacrifice here the reward and Faith of the Orderly Zarathustra Spitama, the
first to have thought good (thoughts), the first to have spoken good (words),
the first to have performed good (acts)... the first to have gained for
himself, the first to have gained (for us) the cow, Order, and the Utterance (=
the Ahuna Vairiia?)" (Yt. 13.87-88)
5. In negative clauses ("not ever")
Yimahe xša9re auruuahe nõit aotam å9ha nõit garamam
nõit zauruua ågha nõit mara9iiuš nõit araskõ daëuuõ.dätõ
"During
Yima the *brave's rule there was no cold (ever), no heat, no old age, no death,
no daëuuamade envy." (Y .9.5)
yõ nõi! pascaêta hušxVafa yat maniiü dämqn
daiôitam
"(Sraoša
... ) who has not slept (ever) since the two spirits established the
establishments (made the creations)." (Y .57.17)
aÚhe haxaiiõ fräiiente Astuuat.aratahe
varaerapzõ humanaohõ huuacaohõ hušiiaoenåohõ huôaëna naëôa.cit *mi9õ vaoxVåyhõ
aêšqm *xVaëpai9ea hizuuõ
"His
companions will go forth, (those) of the obstruction-smashing Astuua!.erata,
(all) of good thought, good speech, good deeds, good daënäs, none (of them)
having ever said anything wrong with 
his own tongue" (Yt. 19.95)
a. Mss. mi9rõ; [space]aoxVå0hõ,
vaoúåohõ, vaojåohõ; xVaêpai9a, .faipaea.
6. In subordinate
clauses ("if ... ever")
yezi 9ßä diduuaëša yezi manaoha yezi vacaoha yezi
šiiaoena yezi zaoša yezi azaoša ä tê aÚhe fraca stuiie nï tê vaêôaiiemi yezi tê
aÚhe auuã.ururaoôa yat yasnaheca vahmaheca
"If I have antagonized you, by
mind, word, or deed, if on purpose, if not on purpose, (as atonement?) for this
I praise you and introduce you, if I have barred you from this sacrifice, this
hymn" (Y. 1.21)
7.
Perfect åoha with participles
The form ålÿha is used with some participles, the forms of which are
sometimes inexplicable (see below on conditional clauses). The meaning of the
constructions has to be deduced in each instance.
vaohu tü tê vaohao! vaÚhõ buiiät huuäuuõiia yat
zaoere hanaëša tü tum tat miždam yat zaota hanaiiamnõ åyha
"May
there be something good, better than good, for your own libator(?). May you
gain that reward which the libator was supposed to gain for himself." (Y
.59.30)
Pluperfect
A few forms
with reduplication and secondary endings can be interpreted as pluperfects. It
is, however, possible that these are regular 3rd sing. perfect forms that
acquired a final -t to make them more clearly 3rd sing.
aeaurunqmcä paitï.ajQ9ram yazamaidë yõi iieiiqn dürät
ašõ.ïšõ dafiiunqm
"We
sacrifice to the coming back of the priests, who had gone far away seeking the
Order of the lands." (Y .42.6)
Mss.: iieiin, ïeiiQn, ïeiinn, ïeiian, ïeiin, ïeiian, yan0
niš tat paiti druxš näšäite yaðä! aißici! japnat
ašauuanam mahrka9äi
"Then
the Lie shall be destroyed (and sent) down to precisely (the place) whence it
had come upon (the creation) for the destruction of the Orderly ones."
(Yt. 19.12)
Conditional
clauses
Real conditions are expressed by various combinations of indicative, subjunctive,
optative, and imperative. The order of protasis (if-clause) and apodosis
(then-clause) is irrelevant.
ašäunqrn ... yazamaide yå ahurahe
xšaiiatõ dašinqm upa yuiôiieinti yezi aêm bauuaiti ašauuaxšnus yezi šê
bauuainti anäzaratå
"We
sacrifice to the Pre-souls of the sustainers of Order, who fight at the right
side of the ruling lord if
(=
whenever) he satisfies the sustainers of Order, when they (the Pre-souls) are
unangered by him."
(Yt.13.63)
yezi dim nõit yaoždaeante 9rišum aëtahe šiia09nahe baxš94te
"If
they do not purify him they receive (as their share) one-third (of the guilt)
of this act." (V.8.100)
yezi 9ßä diduuaëša ... ä tê aÚhefraca stuiie nï tê
vaëôaiiemi yezi tê aÚhe auuä. ururaoôa ya! yasnaheca vahmaheca
"If I
have antagonized you (as atonement?) for this I praise you and introduce you
(into my sacrifice), if I have barred you from this sacrifice, this hymn"
(Y. 1.21)
yezica aêtea nasäuuõ *fri9iieintka
*puiieinticab kuea tê varaziian aëte yõi mazdaiiasna
"And
if these corpses ... and rot, how shall these Mazdaiiasnians behave?" (V
.6.28)
a. For aëtå. - b. Mss. Oiietica.
yezi ayha! ä9rauuafrä zï duuesaiti Spitama Zaraeuštra
aëša druxš yä nasuš
"If
it is an Ãerauuan, then this demoness, the Nasu, assaults (him), O Spitama
Zarathustra." (V .5.28)
yezica aëte mazdaiiasna aêtam ätram aiti baren *auuia
aêtam nmänam ... kä hë asti ci9a
"And
if these Mazdaiiasnians carry this fire close to this house ... what is his
penalty?" (V .5.43)
a. Mss. auua.
yezi mazdaiiasna tqm zqm kãraiiana
yezi äpõ harazaiian yat ahmi spänasca narasca para.iri9inti antarät
naêmät yära.dräjõ nasuspaëm pascaêta ãstriiånte aëte yõi mazdaiiasna apasca
zamasca uruuaraiiåsca
"If
the Mazdaiiasnians were to plow that earth, if they were to let water loose
(over it), on which
[which on
it] men and dogs die, within the period of a year, afterward, will they be
guilty, these
Mazdaiiasnians,
of the crime of 'throwing out corpses' against the water, the earth, the
plant?" (V .6.3)
a. For
*käraiiaën.
Irrealis
The
optative perfect is used in statements and conditions contrary to fact:
yeiði zï mê nõit upastqm
uyrå a5äunqmfrauuašaiiõ ... drujõ astuuå aohuš åÚhãt
"For
if the strong Pre-souls of the sustainers of Order had not given me aid, (then)
the bony existence would have belonged to the Lie." (Yt. 13.12)
*yeiôi zï ma mašiiäka aoxtõ.nämana yasna yazaiianta
yaea aniie yazatåohõ aoxtõ.nämana yasna yazinti frä *nuruiiõ ašauuaoiiõ
9ßarštahe zrü *äiiua šuéuiipm x Vahe gaiiehe x Vanuuatõ
amašahe upa a9ßarštahe Jaymii€m aëuuqm vä auui xšapanam duiie vä pancäsatam vä
satam vä
"For
if men would sacrifice to me with sacrifice pronouncing my name, like other
beings worthy of sacrifice are sacrificed to with sacrifice pronouncing their names,
(then) I would go forth for the Orderly men for the lifespan of *measuredb
time of my own sunny immortal life; I would come to them for one night or
two or fifty or a hundred of (even?) of *unmeasured (time?)." (Yt.8.11)
a. Fl äiit, J 10 äiiat.. - b.
Literally "cut (out)," referring to the limited time cut out of
endless time that Ahura Mazdä made for the creation to last in. - See Kellens,
"L'ellipse du temps.'
A special
periphrasis is that consisting of a pres. part. fem. acc. + perf. of
"to be":
yezica aête nasäuuõ yä spõ.barataca vaiiõ.barataca
vahrkõ.barataca vätõ.barataca maxši.barataca nasuš naram ãstãraiieintim åÚhãt
išarmštäitiia mê vispõ aohuš astuuå išasam jit.ašam xraodat.uruua pašõ.tanuš
*frãnaa åohqm nasungm yå paiti äiia
zamä iriri9ara
"And
if these corpses, carried by dogs, birds, wolves, winds, or flies—(if this)
corpse were to render a man guilty, then, pronto, my entire bony existence
(would become) *needy, of crippled Order, the souls shuddering (at the Ford of
the Accountant), having forfeited (their) bodiesb on account of the
multitude of these corpses which lie dead all over this earth." (V.5.4)
a. Mss. frïna MB; fraëna Pt2,
MD, Jpl; frana L2, Brl, Ll. - b. Cf. Y.53.9 aêšasä dãjï!.aratä pa5õ tanuuõ
"of one having forfeited his body with a *puny *invocation with crippled
Order. "
EXERCISES 20
1.
Write
in transcription and Avestan script the nom. voc. , acc., gen., and dat. sing.
and plur. (where appropriate) forms of the following nouns and
adjectives:
aêm auruuaea- tbišiiavt-; hä yä x Vaëpai9iiä-
daúhao-; Astuuat.arata- yõ varaerajan-; x va- gaiiaVanuuant-;
aži- 9rizafan- dahäka-; hä druj- maniiauuï-. x
2.
Write in transcription and Avestan
script the perfect forms of the following verbs, assuming they are all regular
and that they have all the forms: karanao-, xVafsa-, mrao-, jasa-.
3.
Transcribe
and translate into English:
(Y.13.4)
(Y.19.8)
adaste
< ä-däaëš-, present isa-: to desire, seek aëšamna- < Naëš: seeking
aëuua.gafiia-: with one ?
afrakaõauuant-:
not running ahead (of her competitors?) 
afrapata- < äfra0 <
4pat: to fly hither (daëuuic) ahumant-: containing (the word) ahu aißi.jam-
< aiPi.jasa- < 4gam: to come upon, attack aißišitõe, inf. <
4šaë/ši: to inhabit aißiti- f.: access(?) aiiesniia-: not worthy of sacrifice
anasaxtã-: whose time has not (yet) passed, who has not reached her time(?)
apaiia, ape (< *apiia?): after (+ acc.); hereafter apara.iri9int-: not dying
before (their time?) (?) ape,
apaiia (< *apiia?): after (+ acc.); hereafter apuerä- < *äpuerä-:
pregnant araska-: envy aromö.šuta-: thrown by
arms aš.baouruua-: withe great foods aš.pacina-: with great cookings
ašta.gafiia-: with eight ?
a$aiia-:
to make/perform (according to) Order (?) aša.nãsa-:
by which one reaches Order (?) 
seeking
Order auruua-: *busy(?) auuahmiia-: not worthy of hymns auuatbiiõ = auuaëbiiö
auui.ama-: overpowering auui.kaëô-: to be aware (of) auuispašta- < Åspas:
*ogled axVafna-: sleepless azaoša-: lack of desire, pleasure
ä.dã- mid.:
to acquire äõ-, present ãòaiia-, perf. äòa: to say ãõu.frãõana-:
grain-furthering ãyairiia- pass. of ä.gäraiia-: to be praised in song ãsaxša-
< Åsak/sac: *to apply oneself to learning
ãstãraiia-: to make guilty (of crime against: + gen.) ästriia-, pass. of
ãstäraiiaasu.yasna-: with fast(-reaching) sacrifice baoòaiia- + namö: to revere
baoöan Vhant-: aware, conscious bauuara < barborozi.gäôra-: with
high/exalted singing (reaching high up into heaven?) borozi.rãz-: drawing
straight lines on high (?) caiia- < Åcaë/ci: to compile, assemble
canat.caxra-: with *singing wheels
ci9rauuaitÏ-:
having clear signs (?) dadr- < Ndar perf. mid.: to hold, retain (in memory)
*daëuuõ.tät-: daëuua-hood(?) daiia-, pass, < ddä: to be given, be placed daóhu.fräõana-: land-furthering
daros- < Åvaën/dars: to see darši.dru-: with a *daring club daxštauuaitï: in
menses(?) dãhi- (då1Jh-): foundation (of a structure) dã9ra- n.: gift doraßõa-:
muscle (?) druuõ.cašman-: with healthy eyes duuaëš-: to hate, antagonize
arozušä-: adulthood fra...apä9a-: I shall put an end (to: paiti + acc.) (??)
fracar09Pant-: walking forth fra...duuasa-: to attack, set upon, assault
fraoeat.aspa-: with horses floating (through space?) fraxšni < fraxšnin-: in
foreknowledge, forewarned Fräpaiiås0 : name of mountain frãšmi-:
ruddy, with the color of the sunset frãiieziia- passive < frä + Nyaz: to be
sent forth in sacrifice frãna: by the great quantity (of) fri9iia-: to
decompose (?)
gaë9ö.fräõana-: furthering living beings/heerds of cattle
gandaraßa-: mythical being Guõa-: name of a river hamõ.xšaera-: with single
command han-, aor.('?) hana-: to earn, gain handaësaiia- < Ådaës/dis mid.:
"get a load (of)" hascit < ha-: even he hišära- (< 4har):
guarding hufraouruuaësa-: who turns well (+ acc.) hujiti- f.: good gain
hunairiiank-: talented huparana-: with good feathers huš.ham.borota-: well
assembled huuäfritõ.masa-: of the size reserved for one who is a well-invited
guest(?) inja: watch it! (?) išaro.štãt-: momentaneousness išasom: *needy,
indigent(?) jayãra perf. < dgar: to be awake jit.a$a-: whose Order is
damaged, crippled kaënä-: revenge kaë9-, present cina9-: to become clear
(about); perfect: to know, realize kudat šäiti-, with negation: whence (there
is no) happiness
2()()3
maiòiiöi.šãõ-: sitting in the middle manauuaintï-: victory
over envy (?) masï- f.: great maxši.borata-: carried by flies mi9ö adv.:
wrongly, shiftily nasuspaiia-: (arbitrary?) throwing (out) of corpses namõ
baoõaiia-: to do homage (to: + dat.) niõätõ.pitu-: with stored food(?)
nifräuuaiia- < dfrao: to make fly ni ... haõ-/šaõ-: to sit (down) ni ...
hara- = nišarjhara- 4har mid.: to guard (against:
pairi + abl.) niiasa- < 4yam/yä mid.:
to take nijasa- < 4gam/jam: to come down niuuäna- < 4van: to be victorious
paiõiiä-: tendon, sinew pairi.iriôiiastãt-: the (fact of) dying paiti.ajaera-
< paiti-ä dgam n.: the coming back,
return paiti.apa.gouruuaiia- < Ågrab:
to withdraw paiti ... aza- < NIaz mid.: to counteract paitiiäpa-:
against the stream(?) paititi- f.: atonement, redemption paiti.vorota-:
protected Paoiriiaëinï-: Pleiades (?) par-, present poranã-: to fill para.cara-
< 4car: to pass by parãza-
< daz: to take away paronarùant-: *plentiful pauruuan-: stone poronã-
(zaoerä-?): full (libation?) poroeu.fräka-: *winding its course forth far and
wide (?) paroeu.vaëõaiiana-: having/with the ability to see far and wide
pinao-/pinu-, perf. pipii- < Åpaii: to suckle pouru.vastra-: with much grass
puiia- < Åpauu: to rot
Raëuuås 0 : name of mountain raoõ-, perf. ururaoõ-:
to obstruct raoxšnu-: light ratu9ßa-: ratuship räsa- < Nlrã: to
give sac-, present saša- < Nsak/sac: to master saëõ-: to cut off saša- < xlsak/sac:
to learn sãsnö.guš-: who listens to the announcements (of
Ahura Mazdä) spiti.döiera-: with
*shiny eyes spö.barata-: carried by dogs staiia- < Nstä: to install stãta-
< 4,stãs?: *tired storoma-: *store-house(?) stö < ah-
stui.baxoõra-:
with sturdy portions šaëtõ.fräõana-: wealth-furthering šušuiiam < sauutak-,
present taca-: to flow tinja: watch it!
Tištriiaëinï-: a constellation
6Paršta-: (literally) cut, measured(?)
9Parštö.kohrpiia-: in fashioned form(?) erao-: to compile, construct (?)
eraotö.stäc-: kind of river (?) eraera-: protection
Udriia-: name of mountain upa.daiia-, pass.(?) of upa.daõä-:
to submit (to: dat.) Upa.paoirï-: name of a constellation upašiti- f.: settling
uruuaësaiia- < 4uruuaës: to make turn uruuat: in right order (?) Uruuäxša-:
Korosäspa's brother us...auui...ašnao-/ašnu- < 4nas: to reach high up
uštänõ.cinah-: desire for (maintaining one's)
lifeforce, wish to stay alive uxòata-:
uttering-worthiness uxõõ.tama-: the most (potent) utterance uzgasta- < uz
Åzgad: mounted uzraocaiia- < 4raok.raoc: to light up, shine uzuuaža- <
dvaj?: to *pull out [OPers. vaja- "gouge out (eyes)? ] uzuxša- < dvaxš:
to light up vaëõ-, present vinad-/vind-: to find vaiiö.borota-: carried by
birds
Vanant-: a star vanant- present
participle of 4van "conquer" vanta- past participle of dvan:
conquered vaoniiãt < Wan varoea-: armor(?) vära-: wish värama < vära-:
according to wish vãtö.barata-: carried by winds va9Põ.fräòana-:
herd-furthering vohrkö.barata-: carried by wolves viõätu-: unbinding, delivery
(?) viyžäraiia-: to overflow(?) viiä-: covering, amnion vispam.hujiiãiti-: with
all necessities for a good life vohunauuaitï-: bleeding (in menses or after
childbirth?) xraodat.uruuan-: whose soul will be enraged (at the
Ford of the Accountant) xšuuaëPaiiat.aštra-:
with swishing whips xvaf-, present xV afsa- (01JVhabda-),
perf. hušxVafa: to
yasõ.borota-: brought for
acquiring(?) renown yat-, present O iiata-, perf. yaët-: to be in
(one's proper) place, take up position
yaea.nä: just like (?) yãstö.zaënu-: girded with *weapon
belt(?) zadah- m. dual: buttocks zairi.döi9ra-: with golden eyes
zauuanõ.sãsta-: instructed/instructing(?) when invoked/libated to(?)
zixšnå1Jha- < 4xšnä/zän: to wish to know
2()()3
