WORD FORMATION Compounds. 2

Compounds as well as their individual elements can be all kinds of words (nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and other compounds):

Noun + noun > noun: daúhupaiti- "lord of the land," cinuuat.paratu- "the passage of the compiler (of the records)"; rämõ.šiti- "dwelling in peace, peaceful dwelling"; yasnõ.karaiti- "performance of the sacrifice"; barasmõ.staraiti- "spreading of the barsom."

Noun + noun > adjective: barasmõ.zasta- "with barsom in the hand" < barasman- + zasta-; mazdaiiasna"(performing) sacrifices to (Ahura) Mazda, Mazdayasnian" < Mazdä- "(Ahura) Mazda" + yasna"sacrifice. '

Noun + verbal noun > adjective (> noun): vara9rajan- "obstruction-smashing, (the) obstruction-smashing (one) > obstruction-smasher" < vara9ra- "obstruction" + jan- "to smash"; ra9aêštä- "standing on a chariot, he who stands on the chariot > charioteer" < ra9aê0 "on the chariot" (loc.) + "stand.'

Noun + adjective > noun: huuaraxšaëta- "the radiant sun" > "sun," aiiõ.xšusta- "molten metal" > "metal.'

Noun + past participoe > adjective: paoiriiõ.fradäta- "first brought forth," ahuraôäta- and mazdaôäta"established (created) by Ahura Mazda."

Adjective + noun > noun: darayõ.šiti- "long-lasting dwelling"; tiži.dära- "with a sharp blade" < tip-a- +

Adverb + noun: vasã.yäiti-"going at will aram.maiti- "proper thinking," tarõ.dïti- "despising, rejection. "

Numeral + noun > noun: eri.aiiara- n. "a three-day period" < eri- + aiiar/n- "day."

Numeral + noun > adjective: 9ri.zafan- "with three mouths" < eri- + zafar/n- "mouth," eri.kamaraöa- < eri- + kamaraôa- "head";

Prefix + noun/adjective: huraoù- "well-shaped" < hu- + raoöa- "growth, stature"; huuaršta- "well done" < hu- + varšta-; aißi.gäma- "year" < aißi- + gäman- "step, going,'

Verb + noun: frädat.gaê9a- "furthering the world of living beings" <fräda(iia)- "to further" + gaê9ä"(world of) living beings."

Occasionally, we find compounds consisting of more than two members: YAv. druxš.vïdruxš 'who is the most Lie-dispelling for the Lie', draoyõ.växš.draojišta- 'who belies the lying word the most', and, especially, names: frädat.vïspqm.hujiiäiti- '(the ratu) called 'the one who furthers all good living", xšmäuuiia.g5uš.uruuä- häiti- 'the section beginning with xšmäuuiia g5uš uruuä' (Y. 29. l).

The so-called ämredita compounds are adverbial phrases consisting of repeated words: OAv. nar5m naram 'man after man'; YAv. nmäne nmäne 'in house after house'.

VERBS

The augment

In Olnd. and OPers. the imperfect and aorist indicative regularly take a prefixed a- which mark them as past tenses. The prefixed a- is called an "augment."

In Young Avestan there are very few clear examples of the augment, as the preverb ä- is frequently shortened to a. There also seem to be instances of the augment being lengthened to ä-.

The augment is found with three forms: the imperfect indicative, the aorist indicative, and the optative.

The augmented optative is an Iranian innovation also found in Old Persian, but not outside the Iranian language group.

2()()3

Examples:

äat azam tanum aguze "Then I hid my body." (Yt. 17.55)

cit auuat vacõ ãsAhura Mazda yat mê fräuuaocõ

"What was yonder word, Ahura Mazdä, which you spoke to me (at the beginning of the world)?"

tqm yazata Jämäspõ ya! späðam pairi.auuaënat

"Her Jämãspa sacrificed to as he looked around (and saw) the army." (Yt.5.68)

yat späðam pairi.auuaënat durät aiiantam rasmaoiiõ

"When he looked around and saw the army coming from afar in battle lines." (Yt.5.68) adauuata Aorõ Mahiiuš pouru.mahrkõ

"The Evil Spirit full of destruction chattered." (Yt.3.14)

  Sraošõ ašiiõ drujim aparasat                                             

"Sraoša with the rewards asked the Lie." (V. 18.30)

pairi yäiš hapta karšuugn mairiiõ apata! Fraorase isõ xVaranõ Zaraeušträia

"Around the seven continents flew the villain, Frarjrasiian, seeking the Fortune of Zarathustra.

(Yt. 19.82)

a. See Lesson 13.

tum zamaraguzõ ãkaranuuõ vispe daêuuaa Zara9uštra

"You made all the daëuuas hide in the ground, O Zarathustra." (Y.9.15)

a. See Lesson 9.

The aorist

Young Avestan still has several aorist forms, most of them optative, while the indicative and subjunctive are rarely used and limited to special, probably standard, formulaic, contexts.

The endings of the aorist indicative (augmented) and injunctive (no augment) are the secondary endings, identical with those of the present injunctive. The augment is rarely, if ever, used.

There are four main stem formations of the aorist. The athematic (root, reduplicated) aorist and the thematic aorists are identical with those of the corresponding present conjugations. In addition, there is a special aorist formation, the s-aorist, made by adding h (š/s) to the root, which has the long grade in the sing. indicative, but the full grade elsewhere.

Thematic aorists Root aorist s-aorists Injunctive:

Active

fräuuaocim 2   fräuuaocõ

  3                          frauuaocat                             vaxšt(?) (< vaxš-)

1       frauuaocäma 2 däta

Middle

  3                                                                            eraošta (< erao-), varšta (< varz-) 0mgsta (< man-)

Imperative:

Active

  2                           vaocatä (P. 12?)

Subjunctive:

Active

  1                                                                  buua

2       frauuaocäi 3     vaocät  darasat(?)        ståohaiti (< stä), spåohaiti (< spä)

9ßarašäiti < 9ßars-)

            vaocäma                        jimama(?), darasäma

  3                                                                  bun                                                  jaohaeti (<jam-)

Middle

  1                                                                                                                          grafšäne (< grab- )

Optative: Active

2                                                jamiiå, däiiå, buiiå

  3                          vaocõit                            jamiiät, buiiät, vainit                   paiti.jaohõi! (< jan-), zahit (< zä-)

  1                          apaëma                          buiiarna                                          näšima (< ?)

2                                                 däiiata(?), buiiata

3 jamiiqn, buiiqn•, aêšiiqn (< aêš-?) jamiiäraš, buiiäraš

Middle

  2                          xšaêša (< .xšä-)                                                                     Oraëxšiša (< raëk-)

2()()3

Participles.

Active

Obuuant-

Middle

staräna-, sraiiana-, sruuana- maohäna- (< man-), maraxšäna-

Note: The form näismï (Y. 12.1) is a present, an analogical form made after näist, etc., for *näinmi (Tremblay).

The 3rd sing. past passive in -i

A special 3rd sing. passive form is made with the ending -i. This form was originally(?) made only from the aorist stem, but there are no aor. examples in YAv.:

from the present stem: aranäuui "was sent on its way," jaini "was smashed',' from the perfect stem (see Lesson 20): äiði "is/was said."

SYNTAX

Use of the aorist

The basic difference between the present and aorist is that the aorist forms express punctual or "immediate" (incipient, concluding) action, as opposed to the present, which expresses action or state of indeterminate duration.

l . The aorist indicative/injunctive

  äa! mesta Yimõ "then Yima thought" (V.2.31)                                                           

2. The aorist subjunctive

äat vaocãt ratuš a5auua mazdaiiasnaêbiiõ

"Then an Orderly authority will say to the Mazda-sacrificers." (V.8.11)

yezica vaocãt aëša yä kaine pueram aëm narõ a varšta

"And if this one, the young woman, is to say: 'This man has produced (this) his son. "' (V. 15.13)

a. Thematic for nä.

tä nõ dätä tä arazuuäna frauuaocãma fraca vaocäma yä Ahurahe Mazdå

"We shall say forth these our established rules, these ..., and forth we shall say (them), those of Ahura

Mazdä." (Y .70.2)

jimama te daësaiiama te Zaraeuštra vaêm yõi Amaša Spanta

"We shall come to you, we shall show you, O Zarathustra, we, the Life-giving Immortals." (Vyt.32)

nõit dim yauua azam yõ Ahurõ Mazdå bitim väcim paiti.parasamnõ buua a

a. Mss. Kl, L4, Ll,2•, buuat MO, Jpl.

"I, Ahura Mazdä, shall never ask him another word." (V. 18.29)

aša vahišta aša sraëšta darasãma 9ßä haxma

"O best Order, O most beautiful Order, shall we see company with you?" (Y .60.12)

bun gaê9å amaršaetiš yå ašahe saohaitiš

"Living beings will become indestructible, who are the announcers of Order." (Yt. 19.12)

yaoždä9ram sräuuaiiõiš Zara9uštra yaoždäta bun nmäna

"O Zarathustra, proclaim the purifying agent, (so) that the houses become purified!" (V.I I .2)

• • • -.qy..,-q,. ku9a nmänam yaožda9äne kuea bun yaoždäta

"How shall I purify the house? How will they (the houses) become purified?" (V. 12.2)

nõit aëtaëšqm ratufriš ratufritim "arašäiti

"(Then) someone who satisfies the models shall not cut off the satisfaction of the models of these (others)." (N.34)

3. The aorist optative

The optative of the aorist is used like that of the present, but with the difference that the aorist forms express punctual or "immediate" action, as opposed to the present forms, which express lasting action or state.

vasasca tü Ahura Mazda uštäca xšaëša hauuanqm dämanqm

"And at will, O Ahura Mazdä, and as you desire may you (now again begin to) rule over your own creations." (Y.8.5) ašaiia nõ paiti.jamiiãt

"May he (now) come to us in Orderly fashion!" (Y. 7.24)

mä g5uš mä vastrahe hatõ aôäitim vaocõit

"May he say nothing unlawful while there is(?) cow and grass(?) " (V .4.46)

Optative of past action

The present optative—with or without augment—is used to express habitual or repeated action in the past:

yauuata xšaiiõi! huuq9ßõ Yimõ viuuaoVhatõ puerõ

"For as long as Yima possessing good herds, the son of Viuuarÿhant, would rule." (Y.9.5)

a9ä a9ä cõit Ahurõ Mazdå Zaraeuštram aôaxšaiiaëtã vïspaêšüfrašnaêšü vïspaëšü haejamanaëšü yäiš *aparasaiiatama Mazdåsca Zara9uštrasca

"Just and just so would Ahura Mazda put his mark on(?) Zarathustra, in all questionings, in all meetings, in which Mazdä and Zarathustra would discuss." (Y. 12.5) Note the OAv. flavor of this passage. - b. Mss. Osaëtam.

          • •       • Ae5.s»..

Mi9ram vouru.gaoiiaoitim yazamaide yõ bäôa ustänazastõ uruuäzamnõ auuarõit väcim uitiiaojanõ "We sacrifice to Mi9ra with wide grazing grounds, who at times with hands upstretched in pleasure would lift up his voice, saying ..." (Yt. 10.73)

vaënamnam ahmat para daêuua pataiian vaênamnam maiiå frãuuõit vaënamnam apa.karšaiianjainiš haca mašiiäkaëibiiõ äat tå snaoðantiš garazänå hazõ *niuuaraziiaiiana daëuua

a. Mss. niuuarozaiian.

"In full sight, before this, the daêuuas would run about; in full sight their pleasures(?) would *take place(?); in full sight they would drag off the women from the mortals. Then the daëuuas would perpetrate violence upon them, weeping and wailing." (Yt. 19.80)

Zaraeuštrõ Ahunam Vairim frasrãuuaiiõit Ya9ä ahü vairiiõ tä västäram äpõ vao Vhiš frãiiazaëta Vaohuiiå Däitiiaiiå daënqm mäzdaiiasnim fraoranaëta

"Zarathustra would recite the Ahuna Vairiia: ... He would sacrifice to the good waters of the Good

Lawful (River). He would profess the Mazdaiiasnian Daënä." (V. 19.2)

yat tum ainim auuaënõiš saocaiiaca karanuuantam baosauuasca varaxaðråsca varõžintam uruuarõ.straiigsca karanuuantam äat tum niš.hiôõiš Gä9åsca sräuuaiiõ apasca vao Vhiš yazamnõ ätaramca Ahurahe Mazdå [...] naramca ašauuanam kuxšnuugnõ asnäa!ca [jasantam duräatca]

"Whenever you would see another making *burnt offerings and *incense offerings and ...-ing ...-s and making *plant-strews, then you would sit down, reciting the Gä9äs, sacrificing (to) the good waters, [...-ing] the fire of Ahura Mazdä, and endeavoring to please the Orderly man, both [the one coming] from near [and the one from afar]." (H.2.13)

               •     •

..4N.€*3tu •

10,

                            •     •

äat mgmfri9qm haitimfri9õ.tarqm srirqm haitim srirõ.tarqm baraxôqm haitim baraxôõ.tarqm frataire gätuuõ åohanqmfratarõ.taire gätuuõ nišãôaiiõišaêta humata aëta huxta aëta huuaršta äat mgm narõ paskät yazante Ahuram Mazdçm darayõ.yaštamca hqm.parštamca

"Then (you made) me, being already *lovable more *lovable, being already beautiful more beautiful, being already *admired more *admired, already sitting in an eminent place you seated me in a more eminent place by this (your) well-thought (thought), well-spoken (speech), well-done (deed). Then after that men will sacrifice to me, Ahura Mazdä, with both long-lasting sacrifice and consultation."

(H.2.14)

yõ anu aëšqm barasma frastaraete ya9a a5auua jämäspõ Trastaranaëta ratufriš

"He who spreads the barsom according to (the practice?) of these, like Orderly Jämäspa used to spread them out, he satisfies the models." (N.71)              

EXERCISES 19

l . Write in transcription and Avestan script the nom. voc. , acc., gen., and dat. sing. and plur. (where appropriate) forms of the following nouns and adjectives:

haoma- ašauuan- duraoša-; im astuuaitï- gaë9ä- yä bämiiä-; auuat hanjamana- pourumant-; aêtat vaúhah- yäna-; hama aiiar- hamä- xšap(an)-.

2.                  Write in transcription and Avestan script the present optative forms (assuming that all exist) of the following verbs:

parasa-, hem.parasa-, daôä-, mrao-.

3.                  Transcribe and translate into English:

(Y.9.12)

(Y.9.13)

(Y.9.14)

9,


(Y. 9.1の

(). Il. 1)

( Y. Il. 2 )

~ ~

( Y. 11.3 )

(Y. 12.4)

サ当・・サゆサーあゝサ•oゆーあめ2あー・癶ー・

(Y. 12.5 )

、ク•oド・サ•oゆサー•oあゝサゆ

、

( Y. 12.6)

ー20弋、当・ー、、 ~めー、、  ~

(Y. 55.2)

も

( Y. 55.3 )

も ・しあ、の202、、、・“やい~ (Y. 57.3 )

(Y. 57.25 )

(Y. 57.26) 型、・癶翁妖ま聾魲・・癶しあ

ー3・い、癶もー・も

(Y. 57.30)

(Y. 57.31 )

( Y. 57.32 )

2引

(Y · 60 · 3 )

(Y · 60 · 4 )

( Y. 60.5 )

( Y · 60.7 )

( Y · 70.2)

(Y · 70 · 4)

(Y. 7L10)

(Y · 71 · I l)

(Vr· 12.5 )

( Vr. 22.2)

(Ny · 3.10 ; cf. Y. L28.2 )


(Ny.3.l l)

(Yt.l.17)

(Yt.l.18)

(Yt. L19 )

(Yt.5.17)

( Yt· 5.18 )

(Yt.5.19 )

( Yt. 5.68 )

(Yt · 10 · 138 )

(Yt.10.139 )

(Yt· 17.55 )

( Yt. 17.56)

(Yt. 19.45 )

(Yt. 19.46 )

も癶逑ー↓ (Yt. 19.47 )


(Yt. 19.91 )

・刈、ー昮一四ゆ、、癶もめ•o・癶当0癶も・・

当ーも3~・、もンめ、癶

(Yt. 19.92 ) ー     ー ・ゝ、・

( Yt. 19.93 )

癶ーサい27ー・↓あ・~、も・~

( V. 2.10)

( V. 2 Ⅲ )

( V. 2.22)

( V. 2.23 )

( V. 2.24)

( V. 3.28 )

、、ト弋、めあも、~ 3ーあ・癶2、

尽しも“翁ゝ、癶尽、~、め

(V. 3.29)

・当ゝ》当・当ゝ》3

(V. 3.40)

ーの・あゝ、も3ーー3、弋尽もし魲・

(N. 24 , D. 42 )

(P. 40 ( 39) )

5. Translate into Avestan and write in Avestan script:

l . Zarathustra asked Ahura Mazda: O Ahura Mazdä, most life-giving spirit, O Orderly creator of the bony creatures,

2.         What was that word that you proclaimed to me?

3.         Then Ahura Mazdä said: It was this section (consisting) of the Ahuna Vairiia, O Spitama Zarathustra, that I proclaimed to you.

4.         May they come into this home, the propitiations of the sustainers of Order, the rewards and the distributions, and the recognitions!

5.         May there now for this house come up Order, command, and profit, Fortune and long happiness, and the priority of this daënã, the one of Ahura (Mazdä), the one of Zarathustra!

6.         I invite you, the fire, O son of Ahura Mazdã.

You are sacrifice-worthy and hymn-worthy.

May you be more worthy of sacrifices and more worthy of hymns in the homes of men!

7.         In happiness be it for that man who sacrifices to you regularly with firewood in the hands, with barsom in the hands, with milk in the hands, with the mortar in the hands.

8.         May you hear our sacrifice, O lady of the lord!

May you be favorable to our sacrifice, O lady of the lord!

9.         May you sit near our sacrifice!

10.      May you come to us for help (for us)!

VOCABULARY 19

adahma-: not a qualified (Mazdayasnian) 19 aöaxšaiiaëtä > daxšaiiaaëšmö.druta- < Qtrao: deceived by Wrath afrazainti-: having/with no offspring aguze < guzaaißiiäuuah- < aißi + auuah-?: *assistance(?) aiPiiå1Jhaiia- < aißi dyãh: to gird ai13iiårjhana- n.: girdle aißi.srauuana- < Åsrao: listening to aiPišastar- < 4had: who is seated (upon) aißiš.huta- < Åhunao: pressed aiPišauua- < Åšao: to go to aku-: *hook anaiPi.srauuana- < aiPi.srao-: not listening to anästuta-: without having praised anumaiia-: sheep anupaëta- < upa 4aë/i: unapproached

Vhe < anhu-

alJ apaëma, perf. opt. of apaiia- (Lesson 20) apa.karša- < x]karš: to drag off apa...piriia- < Åpar: to forfeit apataiion < pataaräiti- f.: stinginess arodra-: *judge, *arbiter (in the poetic competion) aram.maiti- fem.: proper thinking asista- < d,saëd/sid: not cut off

asna- < ä,snaastas 0 < astasti- m.: guest aš.mižda-: having/with great rewards ašta-: messenger ašö < ašiiah-

Ašiš.hägot: according to/following AS a$õ.mižda-: having/with Order as reward atanu.maera-: who does not stretch the poetic thought (between heaven and earth?) auua.jasa- < dgam/jam: to come down auuanhutoma- < a- + valJhuauuas-, aor. of auua + Ånas/as: to reach äfrinã- < 4fri: to invite as guest friend äfri.vacah- < *a-frï- (?): pronouncing non-inviting words ãhiša > ahãkoronuuö, augmented form of koranaoArmaitiš.hãgo!: according to/following Armaiti ãsna-: near ästao- < ä + 4stao/stu mid.: to ally oneself (to: + acc.) by one's praise astauuana-, pres. part. of ästaoãstuta-, pp. of 4stao/stu: having allied oneself (to) by one's praise (+ acc.) atara- = atara- (?): the other (of two)

ål)ha < ah- "to be" ål]hänö, gen. of ah- "mouth" baosu-: offering of incense(?) barasmö.staroiti- fem.: spreading of the barsom bašnu-: depth baratö.västra-: *carrying (together) of grass(?) boraziiästa- < borozi- + yãsta- < Nyãh: girded high bõit < bä + it        bröiôrõ.taëža-: with the sharpness of a blade bujaiia- < 4baog/buj: to free, redeem caku-: *dagger cinuuat.parotu- = Cinuuatõ porotu-: the Ford of the Accountant ci6rauuah- < ci9ra- + auuah-: bringing brilliant assistance cõit < ca + it daëuuö.däta-: (what is) established by daëuuas daiiå > dädaomna- > dauuadaroyõ.hamparšta- ( *daroyõ.hamparšti-?): receving long(-lasting) consultation daroyö.šiti- fem.: long-lasting dwelling daroyö.yašta- (*daroyõ.yašti-?): receving long(lasting) sacrifice daxšaiia- < daxša-: to put a mark on(?) dänu.drãjah-: (having) the length of a river dãuš.srauuah-: evil fame didrazuuö < Nldarz: *holding on to(?) drafia-: banner draža- < Ådrang/dranj: to grasp drãuuaiia- < Ådrao: to make deceptive (?) droguuant- OAv. for druuantdruxš.manah-: having thoughts of deception duuar- m: door aronäuui, 3rd sing. pass. of oronao- "to send on its way" orazuuäna-: ?

auuarazant- < varazint- < Åvarz: who does not perform, commit (a deed) fra.duuara- < dduuar: run forth (daëuuic) fra.guza- < 4gaoz mid.: to uncover, bring out of hiding frahištö pres. part. of fra-hišta- < 4stã: to stand forth fra.mara- < recite fraiJharocaiia-: to dispatch (messengers) [or for franharozaiia-?] frasruiti- f.: enunciation fra.storonao- < 4star: to spread out fra.šäuuaiia- < Nlšao: to make to go forth fratama6Pa-: the fact of being foremost fraxšta- < xlstä mid.: to stand forth frazahit > frazäfra.zä- < 4zä: to leave (way) behind fräiiah- comp. of pouru-

fräiiõ.humata-: having/with more good thoughts fräiiö.huuaršta-: having/with more good deeds fräiiö.huxta-: having/with more good words fräräiti- f.: generosity frãuua- < '?: to *prevail(?) frãuuaocom > främraofšaonaiia- < fšaoni-: to tend sheep herds(?) gar- m.(?): throat guza- < dgaoz mid.: to hide haõa.aësma-: together with firewood haõa.baoidi-: together with incense haõa.ratufriti-: together with satisfaying the models hai9im.a$auuan-: in truth Orderly hana-, aor. of hanaiiahanaiia- < dhan mid.: to gain, win hangorofša- < hangouruuaiiahaoiiå < hauua- (Lesson 16) haroerauuant-: providing overseeing ha9rauuanant- < Åvan: winning there and then hita-: team of horses huõål]ha-: munificence humižda-: giving good rewards huuaro.barazah-: the height of the sun huuã.vaëya-: having/with its own (or: good) push jaëšamna- < Njaë/ji: to win(?) jamiiã- aor. opt. of jasajanh-, aor. of jasajima-, aor. subj. of jasakamaroòa-: head (daëuuic) karšü-: furrow, acre(?) kuxšnao-/kuxšnu-, desiderative of 4xšnao/xšnu mid. : to wish (seek) to please (win the favor

(ot)/make favorable) maiiah- n.: *pleasure mainimna < maniiamainiuuå < maniiumanahiia- : of thought marjh- (manha-), aor. of maniiamaršü-: belly (daëuuic) (?) mieaoxta-: something spoken wrongly mrura-: *destructive(?) Naotara-: name of a clan nauua: nor, but ... not näš-, aor. of ašnao- < 4nas/as noma- < Ånam mid.: to bend (down) nišanhasti < nišanhad- [Kellens emends to

*nišanhauruuaiti!] ni9anjaiia- < 4eang: to pull, stretch (a bow) ni9axtar-, agent noun of nieanjaiia-: a puller, stretcher (of the bow) niuuaraziia- < dvarz: to perpetrate nü: now paòa- n. : step, footprint paiôiia- = pai6iia- < Åpad mid.: to lie down pairi...stã- = pairi.štä- (Lesson 17) pairi...uuaëna-: encompass with one's sight paiti.raëxš-, aor. of paiti.irinak-, paiti.raëcaiiapaiti.zainti- f.: recognition paouruuãuuaiiõit ? : AirWb.: paouruua auuaiiõit < auua-yã- "to get lost" (unlikely) paxruma-: *solid paerauuant-: providing protection porota- (parota-?) < dpart: to do battle parotö.tanu-: whose body is forfeited pošö.sära-: whose head is forfeited pisa-: *adornment?

pouru.baëšaza-: containing many medications pouru.mant-: plentiful pouru.nãiriia-: having/with many women pourutãt- f.: plenty pouru.xVaronah-: having/with much Fortune raëxš-, aor. of raëcaiiarapa- < Årap: to support, help räiti- f.: generosity rãmö.šiti- fem.: peaceful dwelling roxšaiia-: to be aggressive(?) sarjha- < 4sa1Jh: to announce saoci-: *burning satõ.kara-: having/with a hundred tusks (sheep!?) sãdrom: woe! what a disaster! sifa- < dsaëf: to *brush snaoöa- < Åsnaod: to wail snaoòa-: (rain)cloud snaea-: striking aor. of spaiia- < Åspä: to throw away Spitiiura-: name of a demon sraë- (sraii-)/sri- mid.: to lean (against: acc.?) star- aor. of storanä-

stãhiia-: *steadfast(?) stål]h- aor. of stä- > pairi...stãstoronä- < 4star: to spread out suprã-: cattle goad(?) šusa- > fra.šusatarö.dïti- fem.: despising, rejection tarõmaiti- f.: disdain tom: then(?) tü: particle

9Paiiastoma-: most *fearsome(?)

uruuarõ.straiia-: plant strew(?) uzjamiian > uzjasauzjasa- < dgam/jam: to come up vaõa-: weapon vafra-: snow vainit aor. of vanavaraxoõra- (for varaxöra-?): ? varöža- < 4varg?: ?

varšni-: male animal vasõ.yãiti- fem.: going at will väzišta-: most invigorating

• vidiš- or vidišiiã-: desire to give, generosity(?) Viõätu-/òõtu-: demon who unties the body viiäda-: *reward viiämruuitä > vi.mraoviiäxana-: *eloquent virõ.raoõa-: having/with the shape of men vispa.tauruuairï-: she who overcomes all vispö.mahrka-: who is all destruction vitaxti- f.: snowmelt Viuua1JVhana-: son of Viuuarùhanvï.bor09Paqt-: having/with pauses(?) vï.uruuišti- f.: wrenching apart xraoždiiah- comp. of xruždra- "hard" xšap- f. = xšapan-: night xšnäuuaiia- < Nxšnauu/xšnu: to make favorable, propitiate

Varantiš (acc. plur.): food x

Vãsta-: cooked x xVãšar- < xVár-tar-: eater

Vä9rauuant-: possessing good breathing space x x V ã6rõ.disiia-: showing (where to find) good breathing space xVä9rõ.nahiia-: ...-ing good breathing space yaoždãôra-: purifying agent yasnõ.koroiti- fem.: performance of the sacrifice yãra.dräjah-: having the length of a year Yimö.karanta-: who cut Yima in two yuxtar- < Åyaog/yug: a yoker, harnesser (of) Zainigao-: name of legendary figure zaoerö.bara-: who brings libations zaxšaera-: evil speech(?) zom.fraeah-: (having) the width of the earth

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