NUMERALS
The
following numerals are attested in Avestan:
|
|
Cardinals
|
In
compounds
|
Ordinals
|
|
1
|
aë.uua-
|
|
fratama-
|
|
2
|
duua-
|
bi 0 ,
baê0
|
bitiia-
|
|
3
|
9räii-/9ri-
|
eri 0
|
eritiia-
|
|
4
|
ca9ßar-/catur-
|
  o
|
tuiriia-
|
|
|
|
panca0
|
puxða-
|
|
6
|
xšuuaš
|
xšuuaš0
|
xštuua-
|
|
7
|
|
hapta,
haptõ 0
|
hapta9a-
|
|
8
|
ašta
|
ašta, aštõ0
|
aštama-
|
|
9
|
nauua
|
o
nauua
|
naoma-
|
|
10
1 1
12
13
14
|
dasa
|
dasa0
|
dasama
aëuuandasaduuadasaeridasaca9rudasa-
|
|
15
|
pancadasa-
|
|
pancadasa-
|
|
16
17
18
19
|
xšuuaš.dasa
|
|
xšuuaš .dasahapta.dasaašta.dasanauua.dasa-
|
|
20
|
visaiti
(visqsta)
|
|
visqstama-
|
|
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
|
9risatam ca9ßarasatam pa¿acäsatam
xšuuaštihaptäitiaštäitinauuaiti-
|
|
erisastama-
|
|
100
|
satam
|
sata
0 , sato o
|
|
180 duiie nauuaiti
200 duiie saite, duuaê 0 saite
300 tišrõ sata
400 ca9Pärõ sata 500 panca sata-
600 xšuuaš sata700 hapta sata-
800 ašta sata-
900 nauua sata-
1000 hazaoram hazaora 0 , hazaorõ
0
2000 duiie
hazaore
9000 nauua
hazaora
10000 baêuuar-/baëuuan- baëuuara0 "-th time"
paoirim
ätbitim/äöbitim "a second time" ä9ritim "a third time"
äxtuirim "a fourth time"
2003
90000 nauuas5s0 baêuuqn
Notes:
visqsta "20" is probably a reverse formation from the ordinal
visqstama-.
Compound numerals
25
pancäca visaiti 33 eraiiasca erisqsca
75 pancäca haptäiti-
99,999 nauuaca nauuaitišca nauuaca sata nauuaca hazaora
nauuasãsca baêuuqn
Multiplicatives Fractions
(times,
-fold)
1 hakarat "once"
|
2
|
biš,
bižuuat "twice"
|
bišämruta-
"spoken twice"
|
|
|
3
|
eriš, erižuuat "thrice
|
erišämruta-
"spoken thrice"
|
erišuua- "a third"
|
|
4
|
caeruš "four times"
|
caerušämruta-
"spoken four times"
|
caerušuua- "a fourth"
|
|
5
|
|
|
paotafflha-
"a fifth"
|
6
xšuuažaiia "six times'
7
haptahuua- "a seventh"
8 aštahuua-
"an eighth"
9 naomaiia (nãuma0 ), nauuasã "nine
times"
20 visaitiuuå
"twenty-fold"
30 erisa9ßå, 9risata9Pam "thirty-fold"
40 ca¶arasa9ßå "forty-fold"
50 pa¿zcasa9På "fifty-fold"
60 xšuuaštiuuå "sixty-fold"
70 haptai9iuuå "seventy-fold"
80 aštai9iuuå "eighty-fold"
90 nauuaitiuuå "ninety-fold"
100 satäiiuš
"a hundred-fold"
1000 hazaoräiš "a thousand-fold"
10000 baëuuarõiš "ten
thousand-fold"
Other
derivatives:
pargcõ.hiiä-
"of five species."
Note:
Whether the numerous analogical forms are genuine or were fabricated by the
transmitters and scribes we cannot tell.
Declension
of numerals
The numeral "one" is declined as a pronominal ä-stem; note the
acc. masc. and the nom.-acc. neut. õiiunz, õim, and other forms (see Lesson 9).
The numeral
"two" is an a-stem dual.
The
numerals "three" and "four" have some special fem. forms.
The other
cardinals are mostly indeclinable.
n. f.
|
nom.
|
aëuuõ õiium, õim
|
|
acc.
|
õiium, õim õiium, õim
|
|
gen.
|
|
aêuuahe
|
|
abl.
|
|
aêuuahmät aêuua
|
|
loc.
"Two"
|
|
aëuuahmi
n.
|
|
nom.-acc.
|
duua
|
duiie, duuaë0
|
|
dat.-abl.-inst.
|
|
duuaëibiia
|
|
loc.
"Three"
|
|
duuaiiå
|
n.
|
|
nom.
|
9räiiõ
|
|
9rï
|
|
acc.
|
|
|
9rï
|
|
gen.
|
|
9raiiqm
|
|
|
dat.-abl.
"Four"
|
|
9ribiiõ
|
|
|
|
m.
|
|
n.
|
|
nom.
|
ca9ßärõ
|
|
catura
|
|
acc.
|
catur5
|
|
c.atura
|
aêuua aêuuqm aêuuaÚhå
aêuuaiia
f. duiie, duuaë0
f.
tišrõ tišrõ tišrqm, tišranqm
f.
cataorõ
cataorõ
caturqnz
Other
numerals: gen. paecanqm, nauuanqm, dasanqm; instr.
pažgcasatbiš, satäiš, hazaoräiš, baëuuarabiš
On the
r/n-stem baëuuar-/baêuuan- see Lesson 16.
Note:
The element -šr-/-or- < *-sr- is an ancient suffix found in the fem.
forms of the numerals "3" and "4" in several Indo-European
languages. It may be related to strï- (< *srï-) "woman" and -ohar-
in x l'aohar"sister" (if originally *x Va-har-
"one's own woman"?).
tišrõ sata
"400" has the fem. tišrõ agreeing with a neut. plur.
VERBS
The
optative
The endings of the optative differ from those of the indicative and
subjunctive by containing an element -i- (-ii-). In the thematic conjugation,
this element combines with the thematic vowel and produces a diphthong: aê, õi,
aii 0 . In the athematic conjugation it has the form iiä/i (<
*-iaH-/-iH-).
The thematic 3rd plur. ends in -aiian (-aën), which is identical with
the 3rd plur. indicative of aiia-stems. In aiia-stems the original ending was
therefore -aiiaiian, which regularly became -aiiaên. In the manuscripts this
ending is most often corrupted to -aiiên and then replaced by the familiar
-aiian.
2()()3
SYNTAX
Uses of the numerals
|
Present
optative active
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
athematic
|
|
thematic
|
|
|
2
|
-iiå
-iš
|
janiiå, mruiiå, surunuiiå, dai9iiå
Ostaraniiå daiôiš
|
-õiš
|
barõiš,
vïôäraiiõiš
|
|
3
Dual
|
-it
|
hiiät,
karanuiiät, daiôiiät cišiiät, marqšiiät daiôit
|
-õit
|
barõit, zbaiiõit
|
|
3
|
-itam
|
daiðitam
|
|
|
|
1
2
|
|
|
-aëma
|
jasaëma
|
|
3
|
|
dai9iiqn, Ocišiiqn
|
-aiian
|
pacaiian
|
|
|
-iiäraš
|
hunuiiäraš
|
-aiiaën
|
nidarazaiiaën
|
|
Present
optative middle
|
|
1
|
tanuiia, daiôe
|
-aiia
|
haxšaiia
|
|
2 -iša
|
ähiša, framruuiša, dai9iša
|
-aëša
|
yazaêša,
zbaiiaêša
|
|
3 -ita
Dual
|
aojita, Oynita, Omruuita,
dai9ita
|
-aëta
|
azaêta,
Osnaiiaëta
|
|
3
|
|
-aiiatam
|
vicaraiiatam
|
|
1
|
|
-õimai&
|
buiôiiõimaiôe
|
|
2
|
|
-õiðßam
|
rämõiôßam
|
Most of the numerals present
no special features in their use. Note that the numerals "100" and
higher are nouns and take the genitive plural of the items counted.
aëta vaca maùiiao Vha ahe vaca
sudaiiafflha Ahurõ Mazdå ašauua ha9ra vaohubiiõ yazataëibiiõ yat Amašaëibiiõ
Spantaëibiiõ huxša9raëibiiõ huôäbiiõ paucasatbišca satãišca hazayrãišca
baëuuarabišca ahexštäišca fräiiãbišcatca ahmät
"Intoxicate
yourself with this word, be pleased with his(?) word. Orderly Ahura Mazdä (is?)
together with the good deities, the life-giving immortals ones of good command,
giving good gifts,
by
fifties, hundreds, thousands, ten thousands, innumerable ones, and even more
than that." (Vr.8.1)
yeÚhea ca9ßãrõ aršänab hgm.täšat Ahurõ
Mazdå ...
yeÚhea auuauuat haënangm nauua satãiš
hazayramca
"(Aroduuï
Süra Anähita ... ) for whom Ahura Mazda fashioned together four males ...
"who
has so much of armies (as many armies as) 1900." (Yt.5.120)
a. The first yeÚhe is for
*yeúhäi, the second for *yeúhå. - b. For *aršnö (only attested as gen. sing.).
tišrõ sata upäzananqm upäzõit aspahe aštraiia tišrõ sata
sraošõ.caranaiia
"He
shall strike (him) 300 blows with the horse whip, 300 with the bastinado."
(V.4.l l)
yazäi Hukairim barazõa vispõ.vahmam
zaranaënam yahmat mê hacafrazgaöaite
Araduuï Sura Anähita hazaorãi barašna virançrn
"I
shall sacrifice to tall Hukairiia, (which receives?) all hymns, golden, from
which Aroduuï Süra Anähita comes down to me in depth (as much as) of a thousand
men (a thousand men deep)" (Yt.5.96)
a. For *borozam? The form
Hukairim barazõ occurs several times.
hazayrayna paiti.jasaiti ätarš Ahurahe Mazdå
daëuuangm maniiauuanqm tamasci9ranqm druuatqm bižuua! yätunqmca pairikanqmca
"(Then)
the fire of Ahura Mazdä comes with the ability to strike a thousand daëuuas in
the world of thought (and) those possessed by the Lie hailing from darkness,
(and) twice that many sorcerers and witches." (V .8.80)
In many Middle and New Iranian languages a special form of the noun is
sometimes used after numerals (hence called "numerative"). In a
recent study it was suggested that this usage may already be seen in Young
Avestan.[1]
Uses
of the optative
The optative is the mood of the imaginary and thus mainly expresses
wishes, prescriptions, imaginary comparisons or examples, and irreal conditions
and comparisons.
l . Optative expressing wishes
vasõ.xšaerõ hiiãt ašauua auuasõ.xša9rõ hiiãtdruuå
"May the sustainer of Order have command at will! May the one
possessed by the Lie not have command at will!" (Y .8.6) mä ciš pauruuõ
buiöiiaëta 
"May
no one notice (us) first (be the first to notice us)!" (Y .9.21)
haxšaiia azamcit yõ Zaraeuštrõ fratamq nmänangm
"May
I, Zarathustra, induce the foremost ones of the homes (to ...)!" (Y.8.7)
2. Optative expressing prescriptions
gaomaëzam aiiasõiš zaraeuštra gaom pairi uxšänam
baxaðram däitiiõ.karatam yaoždätaa frabarõiš zern paiti ahuraütgm
pairi karšam pairi.karšõit aëšõ nä yõ yaoždä9riiõ
"You
should take bull's urine from a bull, O Zarathustra.
You should
bring a spade made in the prescribed way (and) purified.
He should draw a furrow on the earth established by (Ahura) Mazda, this
man who (is) to be purified." (V. 19.21)
a. For Odätom?
3. Optative expressing irreal comparisons
mänaiian
ahe ya9a hazaoram narqrn õim naram ã.darazaiiõit
"As
if a thousand men were to fetter a single man." (Yt.8.55)
mgnaiian ahe ya9a hazaoram narqm õiium naram
aißiiãxšaiiõit
"As
if a thousand men were to look after a single man." (Yt. 1.19)
Note the
periphrastic construction with past participle + "to be" in:
mänaiian ahe ya9a näa satamca hazaoramca
baëuuaraca paršanqm nijatam [mss. nijaeam, nijatam]
"Just
as if a hundred, a thousand, ten thousand ears of grain were to have been
smashed down."
(Yt.13.71)
a. Here nä is probably a
particle, sometimes found after ya9a.
EXERCISES 18
l . Write in
transcription and Avestan script in all cases, all numbers (where appropriate)
the following nouns and adjectives:
aeuua/duua-/9raii-nar-; aêuua-,
etc., snai9iš-; aëuuä-, etc., gä9ä-; spä zairiš, im zå, barasma frastairim
2.
Write
in transcription and Avestan script the 1st and 3rd sing. and plur. present
indicative, injunctive, subjunctive, and optative of
juua-,
aënaÚha-, jasa-, äh-, karanao-, miriia-.
3.
Transcribe and translate into
English:
(Y.9.21)
(Y.9.29)
(Y.68.9)
(Y.
68.10-12 )
(Y. 7凵3 )
ー尽あ癶尽“し42~ー尽ド3癶2
、尽ES.\J尽ド・・尽ーい尽ド翁ー
尽ぐ弋
(Yt. l. 10)
(Yt. 1. Il)
魲弋癶、、あ・癶、↓も・
(Yt. 8.25 )
( Yt. 8.55 )
、、・あ2もい、、、あ2妖もい嵎
(Yt. 10.32 )
(Yt. 10.91-92)
(Yt.
10.116)
当尽“当・、当・当ゝ》当
・、や2 0ーー魲3・、キ
(Y凵0.117 )
尽ド2ー翁、癶。四一癶逑
、s》あゝももめ・・
(Yt. 10.119 )
幻3
(Ⅵ 2.39 )
( Ⅵ 2 · 40)
(V.2.41)
( Ⅵ 3.12)
(V.3.13)
(V. 3.14)
( V. 3.15 )
(V. 3.16) 
め2 ( V.
3.17 )
(V. 3.18 )
(V. 3.19 )
(V. 3.20)
( V. 3.21 )
( V. 6.31)
(V. 6.32 )
(V. 8.14)
尽、ゝ~い癶しい尽しめ
( V. 8.15 )
( V. 8.16)
( V.
8.17 )
癶ー5癶•o、ー5癶~四
(V. 8.18 )
( V. 8.19 )
( V. 9.31)
(V.
10. l)
( V. 10.2 )
(V. 10.3 )
、)魲、
(Ⅵ
10.5 )
(V.
10 · 6)
(V.
10 · 7 )
(). 10 · 9 )
(
Ⅵ 10 · 10)
(N.64 D.81)
5. Translate into Avestan and write in Avestan script:
l . May you protect the man who upholds the deal for
eternity, O Zarathustra!
2. May
you not *expose that one who upholds the deal to a blow (by the enemy)!
3. May
you not *disallow that lawful man who shall sacrifice to us the greatest
sacrifice!
4. May
you listen to our sacrifice (gen.), O Mi9ra!
5. May
you approve of our sacrifice (gen.), O Mi6ra!
6. May
you be near our sacrifice (acc.), O Mi6ra!
7. Be
ready for our libations (acc.)!
8. Carry
them together (for them) to be *collected!
9. Set
them down in the Home of Song!
VOCABULARY 18
aëuuandasa-: eleventh *aiPi.vaë9aiia- = aiPi.vaëõaiia- (?)
aißiiäxšaiia- < Åäxš: look after aißi.niti- f.: the fact of bringing (to)
aiPi.tutu- < dtao: to have much strength(?) aißi.vaxšaiia- < dvaxš: make
grow or make blaze aiiasa- < ä + yasa- < {yarn: to take (hold of)
apa.duu?sa-: to rush away [cf. upa.duuasa-] apaiiatäe, inf. of apaiiasa- <
{yam: to take away asti.aojah-: bone strength (?) aši- (only dual): eye
(daëuuic) ašta: eight ašta.dasa-: eighteenth aštahuua-: an eighth aštasata-:
800 aštäiti-: eighty aštoma-: eighth aš.xVarotama-: having greatest
appetite, most voracious aš.yešti- f.: great sacrifice auuanomna- < Åvan:
unconquerable auuasõ.xšaera-: not in command at will auuå.him: word meaning
approximately
opponent [auua-ahiia- thrower down?]
ä.darozaiia-
< QIarz: to chain, fetter
ä.raocaiia-: shine hither ãstaiia- = ä.stäiia- <
4stä: to place ãtrouuaxša-: priest who tends the fire ätbitim, ãõbitim: a
second time äxtuirim: a fourth time baë0 : bi-, double
baëuuarö.toma-: most 10,000 baëuuaröiš: ten thousand-fold baxaõra-: spade bio
: bi-, double bibda-: (made) for two feet biš: twice bišämruta-: spoken
twice bizangra-: two-footed bižuuat: twice caiiö: how many? Ocatca(?):
at all(?) ca9Paro.satom: forty ca6Paro.zangra-: four-footed ca9Pärö.saite: 400
caeru0 : quadri-, quadruple caeru.cašma-: with four eyes caerudasa-:
fourteenth 
caeruš: four times caerušämruta-: spoken four times cimäne,
inf. of caiia- < Åcaë/ci: to collect, gather dasa: ten dasoma-: tenth
däitiiõ.korota-: made so as to be according to the rules, made in the
prescribed way duuadasa-: twelfth oroòßõ.drafša-: with banners held on high
frabara- < 4bar: to carry forth, bring fraborotar-: a kind of priest
fraoronta < frauuarfrasnãta- < Åsnä: washed fratoma-: first fra.tu- <
4tao: to have strength(?) fräiiauuaiia- < ?: to *expose (to: + dat.) gaõa-:
robber haõõ.gaë9a-: (people) having herds together hakorot: once hamista- <
*removed hana-: old man hapta: seven hapta.dasa-: seventeenth hapta.sata-: 700
haptahuua-: a seventh haptaea-: seventh haptäiti-: seventy haxša- < dhak: to
induce (to: + infinitive) hazanrayna-: ability to strike a thousand hazawom: a
thousand hãuuanãn-: the priest in charge of pressing ham.raë9Pa-: direct
pollution hiynu-: *clean (or similar) hišku-, contamination of huška- and
hiku-: dry hufraboroti- f.: good carrying forth huiiäyana-: a kind of
companions (sharing beds/foxholes?) karša-: furrow karšipta-: name of a
mythical bird maya-: hole marašiiã-, opt. of moronc-: to destroy miti-: top of
the head(?) naoma-, näuma-: ninth nauua: nine nauua.dasa-: nineteenth
nauuaiti-: ninety nauuasata-: 900 nauuasäs 0 baëuuan: 90,000 nauuãt:
or not nã: a particle that often follows yaea. näumaiia: ninety-fold näuuaiia-:
*deep, *in spate(?) Nål)haiôiia-: name of an old god
= Pahlavi OD = tä: until
nidarazaiia- < 4darz: lay in chains niõaiia- <
nidaeaniiuruzdö.toma-: most sequestered (cf. Olnd. niruddha?) or the ones with
most stunted growth (?) nipãiia- = nipäpairi.daëza-: surrounding wall
pairi.daëzaiia-: to enclose with a (mud?) wall pairišta.xšudra-: whose semen
has stopped flowing paiti.irista- < paiti.raë9ß-: polluted (indirectly)
paiti.ja1Jha-, s-aorist (thematic) of paiti.jasa-
(Lesson 19) paiti.karša- < 4kar(š):
draw a furrow in paiti.mi9nä-: to *send back(?) paiti.nisrinao- <
ni-sri-nao- < Åsraë/sri: to lean against paiti.porona- < Nlpar:
to conquer paiti.raë6Pa-: indirect pollution paiti.visa- < Nvaës/vis mid.:
be ready for pancadasa-: fifteenth pancasat0 = pancäsat-: fifty
panca.sata-: 500 pancäsatam: fifty para.hinca- < Åhaëk/hic: to sprinkle
para.hixti- f. < para.hinca-: sprinkling paronin-: feathery parša-: ear of
grain pascaëta: after + instr.
pastö.fraeah-: the width of the *skull poroeu.drafia-: with
broad banners poraeuuainika-: of broad frontline (lit. forhead) räma ' - =
ramaiia-: to dwell (in peace and quiet) satö.toma-: most hundred Sauruua-: name
of a daëuua (Olnd. Sarva) sacatca ašaonõ stöiš stiöäta-: made for the
(temporal) existence (cf. xVaôäta-) suptiõaronga- < supti- "shoulder
and Ådrang "to hold firmly": (people) who fight shoulder to shoulder
(?) šiiaoeanö.tãt-: the word šiiaoena(nam) in the
Ahunauuairiia prayer Tauruui: name of a
daëuua tomasci6ra-: whose race/seed is from darkness
(cf. a$aci9ra) tišrö.sata-: 300
tutauua, perf. < Ntao: to be able(?) (Lesson 20) eri 0 • tri-,
triple eribda-: (made) for three feet eridasa-: thirteenth erisastoma-:
thirtieth erišämruta-: spoken thrice erižuuat: thrice
2()()3
upa.raë6Paiia- < 4raë6ß: to
mingle with, contaminate (directly) Uruuatat.nara-: name of one of the sons of
Zarathustra uskana- < Åkan: to dig
up
uxšan- m.: bull vaëiòiiõ.toma-: possessing most
knowledge varota- < Åvar: enclosed vasõ, vasas 0 : at will
vikana- < 4kan: dig out vinäea- < ? : to *cut off visaiti: twenty
visaitiuuå: twenty-fold vis@stama-: twentieth vispabda-: (made) for all the
feet viuuäõaiia- < 4vad: to lead away xrura-: bloody xšaëša aor. of xšaiia-
(Lesson 19) xšnaoma-: satisfaction xšnuiiå < Nl xšnao xštuua-:
sixth xšuuaš: six xšuuaš.dasa-: sixteenth xšuuaš.sata-: 600 xšuuašti-: sixty
xšuuažaiia: six times xVasura-: father-in-law yaoždä9riia-: (who is)
to be purified yasa- < Nyam: to *withhold, *disallow (?) yä (OAv.) = yö Zairi:
name of a daëuua zairi.gaoša-: with tawny ears zairita-: tawny zaurura-: aged
zämätar-: brother-in-law zbaraea-: leg (daëuuic)
2003
