PHONOLOGY
Ruki
Throughout these lessons, we have seen numerous examples of the
phenomenon called "ruki," a term invented by Indian grammarians for
the change of s > š (Ind. s) after the vowels i, u, r and the consonants
k/g, r. Originally, the same happened also after p/b, but the groupspš/bž were
eliminated in Old Indic.
The phenomenon is more complicated that the Indic rule implies, however.
Ruki also applies to the position after velars that were no longer velars in
Indo-Iranian, namely the IE. palatals *k and (eh), which had become Ilr. *é
(tš) and *í(h) (dá(h)), Olnd. and h, but Av. s and z. The IE. "thorn"
groups behaved the same way: kþ > éš (> Ind. ks, Ir. š), etc. 3
Ruki also
applied to the group ms in the acc. plur.
Also, since the Ilran. velars k and g(h) had become fricatives before
consonats in proto-Ir. (k + > xš, etc.), the term "ruki" is not as
descriptive for Iran. as it is for Indic.
In Av., the original h is often restored into a hybrid form as follows:
-š- > -š.h-, beside which we also have the strange YAv. forms in -š.aoh-:
nišaoharati- < ni- + har- (cf. niš.haratar-, niš.hauruua-), nišaohad<
*haohad-, intensive < had- "sit";
Sometimes the ruki was eliminated altogether: YAv. nixVabdaiia-
(only V. 18.16, 24; there no examples of niš-Ê0 )
IE. *ks > Ilr. *tš-š > Olnd. ks, Ir. š: Ilr. *vitš-š nom. sing.
"house" > Av. viš (Olnd. vit, cf. loc. plur. viksu); IE. kþ: Av.
šaê-/ši- "dwell" (Ind. ksi-);
IE. *eh-s
> Ilr. *dá-ž > Ind. ks, Ir. ž: OAv. važa- s-aor. of vaza-
"convey" (Olnd. vaksa-);
IE. *ghõ
> Ilr. *dá-í > Ind. ks, Ir. z: Av. zä- "earth" (Olnd. ksä-);
IE. *ICS, ws > Ilr.
*kš > Ind. ks, Ir. xš: Av. växš, nom. sing. of vak-/vac- "word"
(Olnd. väk); IE. *kþ > Ilr. kš > Ind. ks, Ir. xš: xša9ra-
"command" (Olnd. ksatra-);
IE. *gh-s
> Ilr. gž> Ind. ks, Ir. yž: OAv. aoyžä, 2nd. sing. pres. inj. of
aog-/aoj- "declare oneself (as)" (cf.
Olnd.
aduksa- aor. of dugh- "to milk");
IE. *gõ-s
> Ilr. gž> Ind. ks, Ir. yž: Av. yžar- "flow" (Oind. ksar-).
After
labials, the Ilr. š merged with the Ilr. é (tš):
IE. > Ilr. *pš > Olnd. ks, Ir.fš:
Av.fšuman.t- < pasu- "sheep" (Olnd. ksumant-);
IE.
*(d)bh-s > Ilr. *bž > Ind. ps, Ir. bž (F) Av. dibža- "deceive"
(Olnd. dipsa-), garafša- < grab- "seize.'
Ruki is
found in all endings and suffixes beginning with Ilr. s, Ir. h:
Nouns: see
Lesson 5 (nom. sing.), Lesson 6 (acc. plur.), Lesson 12 (gen. sing.), Lesson 17
(loc. plur.).
Verbs: see Lesson 5 (2nd sing. inj. act.), Lesson 6 (2nd sing.inj.
mid.), Lesson 8 (2nd sing.pres. ind. act. , mid.), Lesson 13 (desideratives),
Lesson 14 (future), Lesson 19 (s-aor.).
It is also
found in sandhi after prefixes and reduplication and in compunds:
prefixes in -i (ni-, paiti0 , vï0 , etc.):
ništarata- "spread out" < starata-, nišäöaiia- "set
down" < Åhad "sit"; ništaiia- "to order" < xlstä
"stand"; aißiš.huta- "pressed, stained," pairiš.häuuani-
"surrounding Häuuani (the time of haoma-pressing) aißiš.xVara9a-
"drinkable," pairiš.xl'axta- "girded," niš.hiða-
(but nišasta-, nišäôaiia-); prefixes in -u (anu-, hu-): änuš.häk- (OAv.)
"following along with," huš.hqmbarata- "well carried together,
well-accumulated"; huš.haxman-,
3 Today, and are not considered as parts of IE.
phonemes, but they are a useful descriptive device.
reduplication: hišta- < dstã; hušxVafa (perf. < Åxvap)
in compounds: pasuš.hauruua- "shepherd" < *pasu-šauruua- < har-
"guard"; pouruš.x Vä9ra- "providing much good
breathing space," maniiuš.xVara9a-; raeaëštä- < ra6aë + stä-
"charioteer," armaêšad- < armaê + had- "sitting in
peace."
ADVERBS
Correlative
pronominal adverbs
Note the following parallel formations of demonstrative, relative, and
interrogative-indefinite pronominal adjectives and adverbs (cf. Lesson 6):
|
pron. stem.
|
|
|
aë.ta
|
auua-
|
"who"
|
|
|
nom. sing.
|
aêm
|
|
aëšõ
|
häu
|
.Yõ
|
kõ, éiš
|
|
"how much"
"how many times"
|
auuant-
|
|
aêtauuant-
|
auuauuant-
|
yauuant yaiti
|
cuuantcaiti
|
|
"which of two"
|
ätara-
|
|
|
|
yatära-
|
katära-
|
|
"when"
|
ãat, tat
|
|
|
|
ya!
|
kat
|
|
"where, when"
|
a&z/taäa
|
iða
|
aë.taäa
|
auua&
|
yaù
|
kaða
|
|
"from where"
|
a&ãt
|
|
|
|
ya&it
|
*kuöat
|
|
"how"
"where"
"how"
|
a9a
ätara9ra
aëuua
|
i9a
|
|
auua9a
auua9ra
aêuua9a
|
|
kaea, kuea ku9ra, kuua
|
Note the
irregular acc. sing. auuåntam of auunt- (see Lesson 8).
The pronoun
atara- "the other" is (often?) used in malam partem as "the
other," that is, the one that is not good.
NOUNS
Declension.
The locative
The most
common locative sing. ending is i, or—with an added a: -iia.
Exceptions: i-stems have the ending -a; - u- (u2 -) and
ao-stems have the ending *-au, which becomes -uuõ in final position, or—with an
added -a: -auua; - some n-stems have no ending in the locative singular and
full grade of the suffix.
In the
a-stems the ending -i combines with the stem vowel to produce the diphthong
*-ai which becomes
-ie and
-aê0 or—with an added -a: -aiia.
The
locative singular of consonant stems sometimes takes the full grade, sometimes
the zero grade. There are no locative dual forms in Young Avestan.
The
locative plural endings are -hu and (by ruki) -šu, or—with an added -a: -huua,
-šuua, or -š.huua.
Instead of -ahu(ua), we also find -õ.hu(ua),
apparently analyzed as a compound, but probably from an older form with labial
umlaut: *-ahu > -ohu, which was reinterpreted as -õ.hu(ua).
188
The endings are:
|
a-stems
|
ä-stems
f.
|
ï-stems i-stems
|
Il-stems
|
ü-stems
|
|
    -'e, -a? , -aiia
|
-aiia
|
-ie *-iia) -a
|
-uuõ, -a0 0 , -auua
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-uui
|
|
    -aêšu(ua)
Vowel-stems
|
-ähu(ua)
|
-išu(ua)
|
-išu(ua)
|
-ušu, -uš.huua
|
-ušu(ua)
|
|
a-stems
|
ä-stems
f.
|
ï-stems
|
i-stems
|
u-stem,s
|
ü-,stems
|
|
    *ahuire nmäne nmänaiia
|
daênaiia
|
para9ße
|
gara
|
gätuuõ; draoca
gätauua
|
tanuui
|
|
    nnünaëšu(ua)
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daênähu(ua)
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xša9rišu
|
*ratufritišu (N.84) gätušu,
|
tanušu
|
|
pasuš.huua (FrN.40, D.58)
|
Notes:
The
locative of ahura mazdä is transmitted as ähuire rnazda for *ahuire mazde.
The masc. form gaë9e listed by Reichelt (p.
197) as loc. sing. of gaêffi- only occurs in the expression ahmi gaê9e, in
which the pronoun is also a masc. form.
In the
ï-declension para9ße < para9ßï-, fem. of paraeu-.broad," has regular -e
< -iia.
The fem.
ušä- "dawn" forms its loc. plur. from the Il-stem ušah-: ušahuua.
Consonant stems
|
ap-
|
|
zam-
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ham-
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napät-
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vis-
|
|
    apaiia
|
kahrpiia
|
zami
|
*hami
|
|
visi, visiia,
|
|
(Y.68.14)
|
|
(Y.10.17?)
|
(FO.25b)
|
nafšu
|
vise
|
Notes:
apaiia is < *äpiia with epenthesis or a
thematic form. 
zami seems to be disyllabic and is probably
< *zami. Beside zami there is the thematic form zamê. There is also another
form of zam- with "locative" meaning: zamara, preserved only in the
expression zamara.guz"hiding in the earth" (cf. Eng. local adverbs with
r: here, there, etc.).
n-stems
neut.
|
(xšafne)
|
|
|
xšapõ.huua
|
(asänaêšuua)
|
|
wan-stems
|
man-stems
|
|
ašauuanaiia
|
Airiiamaini
|
dämõhu, dämahuua
Note: ašauuanaiia may be < *ašauuaniia with epenthesis or a thematic
form (cf. apaiia).
nt-stems
No plural
forms attested.
|
nt-stems
|
pres. part. act.
|
|
uuant-stems
|
|
barazantaiia
|
*drujiianti
|
daöäiti (N.66?)
|
astuuainti
|
Note:
barazavtaiia
may be < *barazawiia with epenthesis or a thematic form (cf. apaiia).
The form
*drujiiargti (or *družaWi) is restored in N.66 (D.84) for the mss. 's druiianti
Pahl. drõzišn).
Il-stems r-stems
manahi;
asahiia (N.83) nairi , sairi , vaori;
dä9ri qzahu, ušahuua, raocõhuua
r/n-stems
asni
(asne) aiien
karšuuõhu uru9ßõ.huua
PRONOUNS
Locative
There are no examples of the
1st and 2nd person personal pronouns in the locative. The fem. sing. has
-aÚhe < *ahiä.
Demonstrative pronouns
|
The demonstrative pronoun ima- "this":
|
The demonstrative pronoun aëta- ' ' this • , I
".•
|
|
masc.,
neut. fem.
|
|
masc.,
neut. fem.
|
|
|
ahmi aêšuua ähuua
Relative and interrogative pronouns
|
|
aêtahmi
|
|
|
The relative pronoun ya- "who,
what?":
|
which":
|
The interrogative pronoun ka-/ci-
|
"who,
|
|
masc., neut. fem.
|
|
masc.,
neut. fem.
|
|
|
yahmi yeóhe yaëšu  yähu
|
|
kahmi,
cahmi kaúhe
|
|
Reflexive pronouns
The reflexive pronouns x l'a-, hauua-
"own":
xVahmi,
hauue (Yt. 13.67)
xlaêšu hauuähuua
cuuant-
The interrogative-indefinite pronominal
adjective cuuant- "how much? , how many?," beside the
"regular" CUUQS (Y. 19.20) has a nom. sing. cü (V .5.22), which here
functions as neut., but may originally be a masc., like that of pres. participles
(see next).
VERBS
Active
participles
On the
active present participles in -nt-, see Lesson 11.
The principal irregularity of the declension of
thematic (and some athematic) participles is the nom. sing., which must
originally have ended in *-ã. It thus behaves like the acc. plur. of thematic
nouns, except that, where this ending is preserved as -5 in the nouns, it is
replaced by -õ in the participles. Thus we have *bare
barõ, but *nzruuã > mrü
(thematized), jaiöiiã > jaiðiiq.
It seems that the nom. sing. m. had lost its t already in Indo-Iranian
times and that the ending actually was *ans, which then developed like the acc.
plur. in Avestan (Olnd. -an, sandhi -arñs). We may compare the awc-adjectives,
which lost their k/x at an early stage, e.g., 
> freš (Olnd. präñ).
The
substantivized participlefšuiiaet- (in västriia- fšuiiaw-) retains the ending
s: fšuiiqs, cf. CUUQS.
The nom.-acc. sing. neut. of thematic participles has the expected
ending -an < *-ant, that of athematic verbs is -at as in adjectives.
The
feminine forms are as expected: athem. -aitï-, them. -antï- (-intï-, -antï-),
-uuaintï-, -iieintï-.
Paradigms:
No instr.
sing. forms are attested.
|
|
Athematic
|
|
Thematic a-stems
|
iia-stem,s
|
|
|
m.
|
n.
|
n.
|
n.
|
|
nom.
|
framrü
|
hat
|
barõ 
|
jaiðiiq,fšuiigs mqnaiian
|
|
acc.
|
hantam
|
|
barantam
|
fšuiiantam
|
|
gen.
|
hatõ
|
|
barantõ
|
fšuiiaetõ
|
|
dat.
|
haite
|
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barante, barantaê0
|
zbaiiente,fšuiiente, 0ntaê0
|
|
abl.
instr.
|
|
|
barantat
|
tbišiiantat
|
|
loc.
|
daôäiti (N.66?)
|
baranti
|
družanti
|
|
nom.
|
hantõ
|
barantõ
|
*fšuiia'ßtõ
|
|
acc.
|
|
barantõ
|
fšuiia¿ztõ
|
|
gen.
|
hätgm
|
barantgm
|
 tbišiiantqm
|
|
dat.-abl.
|
|
|
tbišiianbiiõ
|
|
instr.
|
haðbiš
|
|
|
Notes:
Athematic
verbs frequently take the thematic nom. sing. m. , e.g.: janõ.
The
strange form O väuuÕ "blowing" < Åvä seems to be from
*väÕ < *väHant-.
Thematic
forms are common, e.g., saošiiantaêibiiö.
The athematic forms yžäraiiat.biiõ "flowing," for *-anbiiõ,
and xšaiiatõ "ruling," for *xšaiiantõ are probably scribal errors.
xVairiiant-
This word is known from two (three) forms, and although it looks like
the passive of xvar- "eat" with act. inclection, it is
probably an adjective meaning "savory, tasty," or similar.[1] The nom.-acc. sing. is xVairiiqn
and the nom.-acc. dual *xVairiia4ti, both in the Yima myth:
yat karanaot aÚhe xša9räôa amaršavta
pasu vïra aohaošamne äpa uruuaire xVairiien xVara9am
ajiiamnam
"that
he made, during his reign, cattle and men indestructible, waters and plants
indesiccable, *savory food inexhaustible." (Y.9.4, see Lesson 9);
yeÚhe xša9rät *xVairiianti *stõa uiie xVara9e
ajiiamne amaršanta pasu vïra aohãušamne äpa uruuaire "during whose reign,
both (kinds) of food are (were) savory and inexhaustible, cattle and men
indestructible, waters and plants indesiccable." (Yt. 19.32).
a. Mss.: xVairiiaqtu astu F 1; kairiieti
asti J 10; kairiianti astï D; karaiiantu ašaiti K 12.
A third example is found in the following passage, also from the Yima
myth, but this one is more seriously corrupt:
ha9ra
marayå auuastaiia tauui mat zairi.gaonam mat txVairiieiti tajiiamnam
"place
in the same place green fields, together with greenery, together with
inexhaustible, savory (food)." (V.2.26)
Mss.: Oiieite PV, Jpl, IVS; Oiieiti
Mf2; aj(a)iiamnom.
SYNTAX
Uses of the locative
1.
Locative of time and place
The main use
of the locative is to express place where and time when.
ahmi
nmãne "in this house" 
xVahmi dem xVahmi ci9re xVahmi
zaoše xVahmi xšaere
"in his own house, own lineage,
own pleasure, own command." (Vr.14.2) aëtahmi ayhuuõ yat
astuuainti"in this bony existence." hamaiia gãtuuõ hištanta
"They
stood in one and the same place" (after Yt. 13.53)
äat ãhuua pauruuatãhuua pouru.saraðõ vï.raoôahe
"Then
on these mountains you grow far and wide in many species." (Y.
10.12)
yõ vispãhu karšuuõhu maniiauuõ yazatõ vazaite xVaranõ.då
"(Miera)
the deity of the world of thought who flies over all continents giving (the
gifts of?) Fortune.' 
(Yt.10.16)
yeÚhe za9aëca vaxšaëca apaduuarat Aorõ Mahiiuš haca
zamat yat paeanaiiå skaranaiiå duraëpäraiiåa
"(Zarathustra
... ) at whose birth and growth the Evil Spirit ran away from the wide, round
earth with distant borders." (Yt. 17.19)
a. See
Lesson 14, Syntax.
fraiiaire aiien bauuaiti hubaörõ hupaitiza,tztõ aöa apaire
aiian dužä9ram
"On
a future day he becomes lucky and well-recognized, then, on a later day (he
will have) bad breathing space (= discomfort)" (Aog.53)
2.
Locative of the prize won
The locative is used to indicate the things won in competition. The
whole original expression, found sometimes, is "to leave the competitor
behind at = in (the race for) X." Very often the verb, zä- "leave
behind" is left out.
nõit cahmi *zazuuå yõ nõit urune *zazuuå nõit
cahmi *zazuši *yä nõit urune *zazuši "He has won in (the race for) nothing
who has not won for (the sake of) his soul.
She has
won in (the race for) nothing who has not won for (the sake of) her soul"
(FrD.3)
zazuuå, zazuši are masc. and fem. nom. of the active
perfect participle of zä- (Lesson 20). zazuš in the next example is an
adjective from the perf. part.
• 
• •
' 'O'S•S • 
• •O'S•S zazuš vispaêšu vayhušu
zazuš vispaëšu ašõ.cieraëšu
"The
winner in (the race for) all good things, the winner in (the race for) all
things having the seed of
Order
(or: resplendent with Order)." (P.26)
zaza buiie vayhãuca mižde vayhãuca srauuahi urunaëca
daraye hauua1JVhe
"May
*I win in (the race for) a good fee and (for) good fame and (for) long
well-being for (my) soul"
(Y.62.6)
zaza buiie are ungrammatical forms. - vaohäuca . .
srauuahi is a quotation from the third Gä9ä (Y.49.9).
daëna mäzdaiiasniš vispaëšu vaghušu vispaëšuca
ašõ.ci9raëšu hai9iia.dätama
"The
Daënä of the Mazdaiiasnians, (winning) all good things and all (things) with
the seed of Order, is the one that most (often) establishes the true
(existence)" (Yt. 1 1.3)
The verb
yuiôiia- "fight (over)" appears to take the same construction:
tå yuiôiieieti pašanãhu hauue asahi šõi9raëca
"They
(the fravashis) fight in battles (each) over (her) own place and
settlement." (Yt. 13.67)
3.
Locative with prepositions
The
locative is used with prepositions indicating place, e.g., upa "in,"
paiti "on, in return for":
jaininqm
upa darazãhu "In the clutches(?) of 
women." (Y. 10.17)
uta Mazdå huruema Haoma raose gara paiti
"And
by the good growing power of Mazda you grow, O Haoma, on the mountain." (Y.
10.4)
yahmi paiti vispam meeram ašam.srauuõ vï.sruiiata
"(Zarathustra
... ) in whom every poetic thought containing words (fame) of Order was heard
far and wide." (Yt. 13.91)
dã9ri zï paiti niuuäitiš vispahe aohãuš astuuatõ
humataëšuca huxtaêšuca huuarštaêšuca
"For
in the giver is the victory of the entire bony existence (over evil) in
(thoughts) well-thought, (words) well-spoken, (acts) well-performed." (N.66,
D.84)
4.
Locative with verbs
The
locative is occasionally used with verbs:
cim aošao Vhå *aošayVhaigtiqstam
isaiti *tanuui ... cim vä gaë9ãhuua mahrka9am
"Why
does a mortal wish annihilation upon (his) mortal body ... Or why (does he
wish) destruction upon living beings?" (Aog.48)
5.
Locative with "wQQ!"
The
locative is used with äuuõiia "woe (upon)":
*äuuõiia * vananti spitama zara9uštra yõ *frauruuaëxšti hauuahe
<urunõ> vanaiti
"Woe
to the winner, O Spitama Zarathustra, who wins by *leading his own soul along
twisting paths." (N.66)
6. Ungrammatical use of the locative as
ablative
Some
locative forms are used after prepositions that take the ablative:
usahištat Vohu Manõ haca gãtuuõ
zaraniiõkaratõ (for * Okoroite?) "Vohu Manah stood up from the
golden throne." (V. 19.31)
haca barašnuuõ (or barašnauuõ?) gairingm auui jqfnauuõ
raonqrn
"From
the height(s) of the mountains to the depths of the rivers." (V
.5.1)
daëuuanqm parõ tbaëšaohat daëuuanqrn parõ draomõhu
"Before
the hostility of the daëuuas, before the *deceptions(?) of the daëuuas."
(Yt. 13.57) cf. Aëšmahe parõ draom5biiõ (Y.57.25).
The use of
present participles
We have already seen many examples of how present participles are used
in clauses. On the whole they are used as in English, which itself has a
developed use of participles to express circumstances accompanying the main verb
and nouns of a clause. Some examples: 
tê hištante yžara.yžarantiš aetara.araðam zraiiaohõ
"They
stand rushing (seething) about within the ocean." (V.5.19)
yä ta! yat haomahe draonõ nigågh94ti niš.hiôaiti
"She who sits gobbling up that which is
the food offering belonging to Haoma." (Y. 10.15) ä dim vätõ upa. vãuuõ
sa&ziieiti 
"Then
a wind seems to be blowing toward him." (H. 2.7)
ätaram
spantam yazamaide taxmam hantam ra9aëštäram
"We
sacrifice to the life-giving fire, being a firm charioteer" (Y.62.8)
ašim rãsaintim darayõ.väraemanam mišäcim
huuõ.aißišäcim mišäcim äfraså0Vhaitim
barantim vispå baëšazå apqmca gauuqmca uruuaranqmca
tauruuaiieintimca vispå tbaëšå
"(I
pray for) Reward bestowing (and) of long *turning ever-lasting ...,
everlasting, uninterrupted which carries all remedies of waters, cows, and
plants, and which overcomes all hostilities (Y .52.1-2)
yä hištaite frauuaëôamna kaininõ kahrpa sriraiiå
"(Aroduuï
Süra Anähita ...) who stands to be made known in the shape of a beautiful young
woman.'
(Yt.5.126)
jaiôimnå nõ yüžam dasta xšaiiamnå raëšca xVaranasca
"Give
us riches and munificent gifts when you are requested (to do so), having the
command (to do so)" (Y.68.21)
Note the
use of nouns and present participles in the the locative in the following
(corrupt) passage:
vãranti vä snaëžinti vä baranti vä
tamaohqm vä *aißi.gãta (mss. Ogätõ, Ogatõ, Ogätu)
aiian vä * varata.fšuuõ (mss. Ofšõ) vä varata. virejasaqti
"(on
a day) when it rains, snows, or *pours, when darkness has come or by day, when
(someone) comes with captive cattle and captive men(?) " (V .8.4)
The participle is used with Adman "to think (oneself to
be)," alvas "to wish (to be the one ... -ing)" and x]vaës
"to be ready (to be the one ... in
nmänam
hõ maniiete para.da9õ 
"He
thinks he is selling a house." (after V. 18.28)
yezi vaši zara9uštra auuå tbaêšå tauruuaiiõ
"if
you wish, Zarathustra, (to be the one) overcomeing all those hostilities."
(Yt. 1.10)
vïsaiti
dim frayrãraiiõ nõit *frayräraiieiti
"He
declares himself ready (tobe the one) waking him, but does not wake him."
(N. l)
EXERCISES 17
l . Write
in transcription and Avestan script the nom. voc., acc., gen., and dat. sing.
and plur. (where appropriate) forms of the following nouns and adjectives:
maëeana-
zaraniiõ.karata-, išu- huuasta-, aršti- vazimnä-, daÚhu- ašäištä-, airiiäna-
vaêjah-.
2.
Write
in transcription and Avestan script the 3rd sing. and 1st plur. pres.
indicative, injunctive, and subjunctive of
ä.gauruuaiia-,
aipi.karmgta-, pairi.aë-.
3.
Transcribe
and translate into English:
(Y.57.27)
ロ
、当、当3当“
当→、31、
(
Y. 57.28 )
(Y.
57.29 )
》 ・癶ー2し、ーぐ、ー2、魲も当
ト・当。当02
( Yt. 5.17 )
~eà↓いー
も3ー癶ー)
(Yt.
10.80) ーも3ーめ“)も3・も3、~、尽も3
、“
(Yt.
10.108 ) もめ、、、ーの2やも魲もも翁2、も“・もしあ
も宀い癶~当癶もめ、2
もあ2癶、いー・・。
・
( Yt. 11 .3 )
(after Yt. 14 · 47 )
(Yt. 16.2 )
(Ⅵ 2 · 25 )
(Ⅵ 2.26 )
(Ⅵ 2 · 27 )
( Ⅵ 2.28 )
(Ⅵ 2 · 29 )
( Ⅵ 2.41)
(Ⅵ 2.42 )
( Ⅵ 2.43 )
(V.3.1)
(V
· 3 · 7 )
(V.
3.9 )
( V. 4.49)
( V.
4.50 )
(
V. 4.5 D
(V. 5. l)
(V.
5.2 )
(HN. 2.16)
(Her. 15, D. 13)
(N.66,
D.84)
5.
Translate into Avestan and write in Avestan script:
l . In the
house, the town, the tribe, and the land.
2.
In
this house, this town, this tribe, this land.
3.
And
he who in this existence of living beings, O Spitama Zarathustra, learning
these names of mine shall say (them) forth at day or at night ...
4.
And
he who in this bony existence, O Spitama Zarathustra, shall memorize this
section of the Ahuna Vairiia for me,
5.
or
memorizing (them) shall learn (them) or learning (them) shall recite (them) or
reciting (them) shall sacrifice (them),
6.
three
times even, I, Ahura Mazdä, shall convey his soul even acrros the bridge to the
Best Existence.
7.
We
sacrifice to the good, life-giving Pre-souls of the sustainers of Order, rich
in life-giving strength, who showed the paths of the stars, the moon, the sun,
(and) the lights made for themselves, (the Presouls) the sustainers of Order,
8. (all
these things) which (yõi) before that stood in (one and) the same place without
moving forth, before the hostility of the daëuuas, before the deceptions of the
daêuuas.
9. He
who does not greet in return a man who greets (him), becomes a thief of the
greeting through violence (violating) of the greeter. [nomö paiti.bara- + dat.]
VOCABULARY
17
adruj-: opponent of the Lie aësmö.zasta-: with firewood in
the hand(s) aëuua9a: in this way afraoxti- f. < uxti-: non-pronouncement
aiPi.gaiti- f.: onset aiPiš.xV aroea- (in anaißiš0):
drinkable Airiiäna-: Aryan (+ Vaëjah-) ajiiamna-: inexhaustible anaiPiš.xVaroea-:
undrinkable apakauua-: with hump in back apara: henceforth apara-: future,
later apãuuaiia-: *impotent[2]aporonomna-
< Åpar: to contest, compete
(against: +
dat) (?) Arazura-: name of a mountain ridge asaiia-: casting no shadow ašäišta-:
least happy ašam.srauuah-: containing the words/fame of
Order(?)
ašõ.ciôra- = aša.ci6ra- (Lesson 15) 
auruša-:
white (color of horses) auuastaiia- < 4stã: to place auui.apaiia- < 4äp:
to catch up with auui.nmänaiia-, for *auui.mänaiia-(?) < 4man: to wait for
äfri.vacastama-: whose speech pronounces most invitations
ä.gouruuaiia- < 4garb/grab:
to take up, seize ãnuš.häk- OAv.: following along with äuuöiia: woe (to: +
loc.)! bara- < 4bar mid.: to *pour (?) baršnu-: height carotu.drãjah-: the
length of a race course Cistã-: a goddess daißi-: deceiving (?) dal]hah- n.:
skill daošatara-: western daxšta- n.: sign, mark dãiti- fem.: giving domäna- =
nmänadorazã-: clutch (?) drißi-: dribling frayräraiia- < Ågrä: to wake up
(trans.), rouse fraiiara-: of tomorrow, future frakauua-: with hump in front 
frarùhara-
< 4xv ar: to eat (from) frauruuaëxšti- fem. < 4uruuaës: leading
along twisted (crooked) paths (?) 
frauuaëõa- < 4vaëd: to exhibit fraskonba-: *awning made
with beams(?) frauuãra-: *porch(?) frã.bara-: to bring forth, present
fräiiataiia-: to make somebody take up a (firm) stand frätat.caiia- <
{tak/tac: to make flow frõranao- < Adar: to send forth (?) fšah-:
*nail(?) [cf. paiti.auua.paša-] gaozasta-: with milk in the hand(s) [with gao-
< ga00 or for *gauuö] gauua-: milk gauuaiiana- n.: cowpen
garaõa-: den, habitation of daëuuas, etc. [Olnd.
griuuä-: neck, mountain ridge
yžäraiia- < dyžar: to flow (in a rush) hai6iia.dätoma-: who most (often)
establishes the true (existence) (?) haroõi-: *idiot(?) hauuant-: equally much
häuuanö.zasta-: with (pestle) and mortar in the hand(s) hindu-: the river that
surrounds the world (?) hubaòra-: lucky hupaiti.zanta-: well recognized
huruema-: good growing power huš.haxman-: providing good company huš.hambarota-
< dbar: well carried together, well-accumulated hušxVafa perf.
< dxvap: sleep, see Lesson 20) irita < irinä- < Åraë/ri: to
defecate iša- [for isa-?] < Nlaëš mid.: to seek jafnu-: depth
kasuuiš- < kasu- "little" + viš- "poison"(?): with
*pustules, with acne (?) kata-: covered
(part of?) building, house maë9ana- n.: dwelling, habitation mahrakaea- n.:
destruction maniiuš.xVaraea-: providing food in the world of thought
mara- < Åhmar: to memorize maroyä-: green field mižda- n.: reward
nabanazdišta-: closest relative(?) nomaóha-: to do homage namö.bara-: st). who
does homage niša1Jhasti < nišanhad-, intens. of nišad- < Åhad: to sit
down firmly niš.harotar- < Åhar: guardian niš.hauruua- < 4har: guard
ništar- < xlstarH: to spread out niuuäiti- fem. <
4van: winning, victory nižbairišta-: most getting rid of paësa-: with spots,
leper(?) pairi.vãra- = pairiuuärapaiti.auua.paša-: to nail(?) [cf. fšah-]
paiti.irinak- < 4raëk: to relinquish paitita < paiti-aë-/i-: to go to,
defecate (?) pasuš.hauruua-: shepherd (dog) pauruuatã-: mountain 
pororfã-
< 4par mid. : to *contest, compete with (?) pošana-: battle pouruš.xV ä9ra-:
providing much good breathing space rauuan- (raonä-?): *river safa-: hoof
saroõa-: species sruuaëna-: with nails täš- < dtaš: to hew, fashion by
hewing uz.borazaiia- < 4barz: to raise
Vaëjah- < Nvaëg(?): Airiiana Vaëjah, the
mythical
homeland of the Iranians vanta < Åvam-: to vomit varjri, loc.: in spring
vara-: the bunker in which Yima
preserved the creations from the destructive winters varaduua-: soft
varota.fšao-: with captive sheep and goats (?) varota.vira-: with captive men
(?) varozäna-: community, village vãra- < 4vär: to rain väuräza perf. <
duruuäz: to be happy varoera- n.: valor vimitõ.dantäna-: with *malformed teeth
vispom ä ahmä! yat: for as long as vitarotö.tanu-: sequestered vi9iš- (=
vïdïš-?): *judgement vizbairi-: with crooked (legs)(?) vï.raoõa- < Nlraoõ:
to grow far and wide xraožduua-: hard; cf. xruždra- (Lesson 12) xVaõãta-:
made/placed by/for themselves(?) 
savory
xVaranö.dä-: giving (gifts of) Fortune yäh- m.: poetic
competition(?), audition zaraniia.paiti.9Paršta-: with inlaid gold
zaraniiö.karota-: gilded zã-, pres. zazämi: leave behind za6a-: birth
zomaro.guz-: hiding in the earth