WORD FORMATION

We have already seen numerous examples of nouns and adjectives derived from other nouns and adjectives by various means, mainly by suffixes, prefixes, or composition. Here a systematic list of the most common suffixes and their functions is given.

Nouns

-ah-: This common suffix makes nouns from verbal roots: man- "to think" > manah- "thought," vas- "to wish" > vasah- "a wish.'

-ana-: This suffix is commonly used to make nouns from verbs, occasionally from adjectives:

hmjam- "come together" > hažljamana- "a gathering," vah- "dress, don" > vaohana- "garment"; the function of the suffix in vahmana- "performance of hymns" or adjective "caused by the hymn(?)" (Vr.21.3) is unclear.

Note the three rhyming nouns masäna-, vaohäna-, sraiiäna- "greatness, goodness, beauty"(< masita-, vaohu-, srira-).

-ka-, -kä-: This suffix, which became extremely productive in later Iranian languages (as in Sanskrit), is relatively rare in Avestan: jainï- "woman" > jainikä-, mašiia- "man" > mašiiäka-, näiri- "woman" > näirikä-.

-na-: This suffix makes nouns from verb roots: yaz- "to sacrifice" > yasna- "a sacrifice,"fras- "ask" > frašna- "question," x ^vap- "to sleep" > x"afna- "a sleep.'

-ta- m. : This suffix makes (learned?) neuter abstract nouns from adjectives: yesniia- "worthy of (receiving) sacrifices" > yesniiata-, ašauuan- > ašauuasta-, and from verbal roots: staota- "*praise" (in staota- yesniia-) and sraota- "*hearing" (Vr.21.3).

-tar-: This common suffix makes agent nouns from verbal roots: dä- "to establish" > dätar- "establisher, Creator," zao- "to libate" > zaotar- "libator," bar- (act.) "to carry" > baratar- (< *bartár-) "carrier,' bar- (mid.) "to ride" > bäšar- (< *bár-tar-) "rider.'

-tät- f. "-dom, -W": This suffix makes abstract nouns from adjectives. It is very common: hauruua"whole" > hauruuatät- "Wholeness," upara- "superior" > uparatät- "superiority," yauuaë "eternal"

> yauuaêtät- "eternity."

-ti- f.: This extremely common suffix makes action nouns from verb roots (weak stem): stu- "to praise" > stuiti- "praising," cit- "to make one's mark, be brilliant(?)" > cisti- "insight, illumination"(?).

-epa- n.: This suffix makes nouns from a few nouns and adjectives: aohu- ratu- > aohu9ßa- ratu9ßa-

"ahu-ship, ratu-ship," vaohu- "good" > "goodness."

-era-, -erä-: These suffixes usually make nouns denoting tools (occasionally products) from verb roots: vah- > vastra-, vak- > vaxaðra-, vaz- > važdra-, zao- > zaoera-, za09rä-, az- > ašträ-. -9ä-: This rare suffix makes nouns from verb roots: gä- > gä9ä-, ci- > ci9ä-.

Adjectives

-a-: This suffix replaces the thematic vowel of a- and a-stems and is added to all other stems. i-and ustems may or may not take full grade of the stem suffix (aii, auu). It is usually attached to a noun with modification of initial syllable: maniiu- > maniiauua- *Naru- > Narauua- "son/descendant of Naru." Some words take vriddhi: kauui- > käuuaiia-; huzažltu- "of good tribe" > haozQ9ßa- "being of good tribe," husrauuah- "having good fame" > haosrauuaoha- "good fame,'

-aêna-, f. -aêinï-: This suffix is used to make adjectives of nouns denoting material: aiiah- "bronze" > aiiaohaëna- "(made) of bronze " *baPra- "beaver" > baßraëna- "(made) of beaver-skin," arazata"silver" > arazataêna- "(made) of silver.'

-äna-, -äni-: These suffixes denote "son/descendant of': Jãmäspa- > Jämäspana-, *Ã9ßiia- >Ã9ßiiäni-.

2003

This suffix makes adjectives from nouns, among them patronyms: Zara9uštra- > zara9uštri-. usually accompanied by vriddhi of the first syllable: ahura- > ähuiri- "belonging to Ahura (Mazda)," hauuana- "haoma pressing" > häuuani- "(time of day) pertaining to the haoma pressing," varaerayna- "victory, god of victory > vära9rayni- "victorious," mazdaiiasna- > (dänä-) mäzdaiiasni- (mäzdaiiesni-) "the daënä of the Mazdaiiasnians. "

-ina-: This suffix makes adjectives of a few nouns: vacah- > vacahina-, maêša- "sheep, widder," maêšï-

'ewe" > maëšina-. — Note especially adjectives from nouns denoting time divisions: ham'summer" > hqmina-, rapi9Pä- "noon" > rapi9Pina-, ušah- "dawn" > ušahina-, uzaiiara-

"afternoon" > uzaiieirina-; but zaiiana- "of winter."

-ta-: This suffix makes adjectives from a few nouns: hukarap- > hukarapta-, *p^atara "wing" > patarata"winged."

-9a-: This suffix makes verbal adjectives (Lesson 14).

-epa- (-tuua- after sibilant): This suffix makes verbal adjectives (Lesson 13).

-"ant- (-tuua»gt- after sibilant) < -t-uuant-, see -uuant-.

-9iia-: This suffix makes adjectives from prepositions: aißi > aißi9iia-, pasca > pascQ9iia-.

-uuan- m. : This is a rare suffix: ašäuuan- "sustainer of Order, Orderly" < aša- (fem. ašaonï- and ašäuuairï-; before suffixes, ašäuuan- has weak stem ašauuat-, e.g., ašauuas-ta-); ä6rauuan- (weak stem a9aurun-), title of a priest.

-uuant-/-mant- (after u): These common suffixes make adjectives from nouns meaning "equipped with, containing": drug- > druuar.zt-, xratu- > xratumaet-. With preceding -t-: star- "to stun" stara9Pant'stunning, paralyizing," para.pat- "fly away" > para.pa9Pant- "flying far away."

-iia-: This common suffix makes descriptive adjectives from nouns: haoma- > haomiia- "related to the haoma," xšaera- "command, power," > .xša9riia- "commanding," ratu- > ra9Piia- "according to the ratu-," vis- > visiia- "pertaining to the vis-."—lt also makes verbal adjectives (Lesson 14).

-ra-: This common suffix makes descriptive adjectives from verbal roots; note that adjectives in -ra- lose this suffix before the comparative and superlative endings, as well as when first member of compounds, where it is commonly replaced with -i- (so-called Caland forms): una- "strong" aojiiah-, aojišta-; tip-a- "pointed, sharp" — tiži.aršti- "with sharp spear."

NOUNS

Instrumental

The ending of the instrumental sing. is -a, except in i- and Il-stems, which have -i and -u (beside -uua).

The plur. ending is regularly -biš, except in a-stems, which have the ending -äiš.

In the ä-declension the element -aii- is again inserted before the ending in the sing.

The modifications in connection with the plural ending -biš are the same as in the dative-ablative.

Note that, in Young Avestan, the instrumental plural commonly takes the ablative-dative ending -biiõ instead of the genuine instrumental endings!

Paradigms:

Vowel stems

a-stems	ä-stems	ï-stems	i-stems
haoma	daênaiia	vaohuiia	paiti
haomäiš	daënäbiš	vaÌ'hibiš

Il-stems u2-stems ü-stems

vohu xra9ßa hizuua Plur. auuafflhiš, vaohuš, yätuš hizubiš

Notes:

The instr. sing. of nouns and adjectives in -iia- should become - ⁱe, which is probably seen in x ^Vaêpai9e

(mostly corrupted in the mss.) < x^l'aêpai9iia- "own."

Instead of -uua we find -uuõ in u-stems (Rašnuuõ, xruui.druuõ, bäzuuõ), and ü-stems (hizuuõ). Feminine ä-stems may occasionally have instr. sing. in -a (e.g., iža Y .60.7; daêna V. 18.9, H. 1.4).

The masc. ä-stem pantä- has instr. sing. pa9a.

In Avestan only -äiš is attested as inst. plur. ending of a-stem nouns. There is no ending corresponding to OPers. -aibiš and Skt. -e.bhih, except the pronoun aêibiš (see below).

The instr. plur. form auuafflhiš (< auuaohu- "un-good") is < *auuaohuuiš < *auaohußiš; vaohuš and yätuš, if genuine, must be for *vaohuuiš < *vaohußiš and *yätuuiš< *yätuPiš. Note also ažišca in Yt.5.90, coordinated with instr. plur. forms in -äiš(ca). The ending -iš in the Il-stems (see below) may also have influenced these forms.

aê- and ao-stems

raë- yaoraiia yauua

Consonant stems

vak-/vac- ap- zarn- vis- tät-stems

vaca apa zamä visa vayžibiš

Note: The form zamä is monosyllabic (*zmä), hence the vowel is long. It is found in the expressionpaiti äiia zanzä "on this earth."

For vayžibiš see Lesson 13.

r-stems

nar nara

Pi-stems

an-stems man-stems uuan-stems

m. n. m.

uruna maêsmana suniš näm5niš ašaoniš

The instr. plur. forms näm5niš, ašaoniš, and suniš are irregular. The regular forms should end in -biš or, at least, -Piš or -uuiš. It is probable therefore that the forms *nämauuiš and *ašauuauuiš, compared with the other oblique plur. forms, instead of being remade into *nämabiš and *ašauuabiš, were simply felt to miss an n, which was substituted for the intervocalic, "irregular," uu. This produced forms that looked like they were made from the weak stem with the ending -iš, which may then have spread by analogy. In ašaoniš the regular weak stem was then also reintroduced.

The original instr. plur. of span-/sun- "dog" must have been *spaßiš, *spauuiš, (< *spabiš < *kun-bhis), which was remade, for obvious reasons, after the pattern of a5aoniš: weak stem + -iš.

h-stems

äh- "mouth"		iiah-stems	uuah-stems
	manaoha		daôuša
nt-stems	manãbiš	mazii5biš
ant-stems	act. pres. parts. uuant-stems		mant-stems
barazata	surunuuata, stara9ßata		gaomata yätunzatbiš

The form surunuuata "with audible (sacrifice)" is the only form of this word and can from surunuuantor surunuuata- (cf. yazata-). Other want-stems include the pronominal adjectives auuaet- "this much/great," auuauua4t- "that much/great," and yauuant- "as much/great," with instr. auuata, auuauuata, and yauuata which is also a conjunction "for as long as.'

nk-stems

The forms paräca,fraca, vica, tarasca are probably to be analyzed as para, etc., + -ca in most instances, but occasionally they seem to be instr. sing. of nk-stems (paränk-, viiank-).

š-stems

A few stems end in -iš or -uš. The nouns are all neuter, but a few compounds are masc., fem. Paradigms (snai9iš- "blow," hadiš- "seat," nasuš- "carrion," araduš- a degree of sin):

nom.-acc. snai9iš araduš, nasuš gen. hadišas ⁰, (hadišahe)

snai9iša

araduša

abl.

nom.-acc.

aradušat

gen.

snai9išqrn

aradušgm

dat.-instr.-abl. snai9ižbiia

Note niöä.snai9išam (fem.) Y. 12.9, x^l'ä.stairiš x^Vä.baraziš (acc. plur. neut. for masc.?) V.6.51.

PRONOUNS

Instrumental

The only specifically "pronominal" form in the instrumental is the ending -na instead of -a in the sing. of masc. and neut.pronouns:

Personal pronouns

1st	2nd	3rd pers.
		masc., neut.	fem.
		ana	aiia, äiia
	xšmä	äiš, aêibiš

Demonstrative pronouns

The demonstrative pronoun "this": The demonstrative pronoun "that":

= 3rd pers. masc., neut. fem.

auua auuäiš

Relative and interro ativ ronouns

The relative pronoun "who, which": The interrogative pronoun "who, what?"'

masc., neut. fem. masc., neut. fem.

kä, kana yäiš

VERBS

The subjunctive

The forms of the subjunctive are very similar to those of the indicative. Generally speaking the subjunctive is obtained from the indicative by lengthening the thematic vowel of thematic conjugations and adding a thematic vowel in athematic conjugations. The subjunctive forms of athematic verbs are therefore formally often indistinguishable from thematic indicative forms. To further distinguish between the two moods, athematic verbs frequently adopt thematic subjunctive endings.

The principal difference in the endings is the n in the 1st sing. instead of m. The subjunctive uses indiscriminately primary or secondary endings in the active.

Present subjunctive active

	Athematic		Thematic
1	-a	aoha (< ah-), mrauua
	-äni	janäni, karanauuäni, da9äni	-äni	azäni , jasäni
		aiieni	-(a)iieni	bandaiieni
2			-ähi (-äi)	barähi,frasaocaiiähi
3	-at	aohat, hunauuat, daeat	-ät	barät
		aohaiti (aohäiti)	-ät, -äiti	jasäiti

Dual

3			-aiiatam	vicaraiiatam (N.61?)
1			-äma (?)	vindäma
3	-an	aohan, da9an, karanaon	-ånti	bargn barånti

Note: The 2nd sing. thematic form -äi for ähi is not infrequently found in late manuscripts, where it must reflect the pronunciation of the scribes.

Present subjunctive middle

1			-äi	yazäi
	-äne	mrauuäne, karanauuäne, frauuaräne	-äne -(a)iiene	yazäne häcaiiene
2			-åÚhe	parasåÚhe, frapäraiiåúhe
3	-aite	⁰ aranauuataë, daeaite	-äite	yazäite, paiôiiäite
3	-ante	varanauuante	-ånte	yazåete , pai9iiå4te

SYNTAX

Uses of the instrumental

The main use of the instrumental is to express means and instrument and in expressions signifying 'according to, with respect to, because of."

1. The instrumental of means

Karasäspõ aiiagha pitum pacata

"Karosäspa cooked his noon meal in (< by means of) a metal (pot)." (after Y.9.l l) ana 9ßä yasna yazäne

"I shall sacrifice to you with this sacrifice." (common formula in the yašts)

vispaca vohu mazdaôäta ašaci9ra äiiese yešti

"And I muster by my sacrifice all good things established by Ahura Mazdä (and) which hail from

Order. "

vispam ašauuanam aiia *ratufriti huuäuuaiiaoham jasantam paiti.barähi humatãišca huxtãišca huuarštãišca

"You shall receive every Orderly one coming *with good strength(?) with this satisfaction of the

Models (and) with well- thought (thoughts), well-spoken (words), and well-performed (deeds)."

(Y.55.4)

yõ Aêšmam stara9ßata snai9iša vixrumantam x^Varam ^ajaieti

"He who smites Wrath with a stunning weapon a bloody wound." (Y.57.10)

a. See Lesson 8, Accusative no. 5.

9ßqm mazdaiiasna pasubiia staoraëibiia vaiiaëibiia patarataëibiia

"The Mazdaiiasnians sacrifice(d) to you with small and large livestock, with small(?) birds and large(?) birds." (after Yt. 10.119)

yõ imqrn zqrn aißi.varaziieiti Spitama Zaraeuštra hãuuõiia bazuuõ dašinaca dašina bãzuuõ hãuuaiiaca upa hë gaonam baraiti

"He who tills this earth, O Spitama Zarathustra, with the left arm and the right, with the right arm and the left, she brings him profit." (V.3.25)

* x^Vaëpai9e (mss. ^Opai9a) hizuuõ "With one's own tongue" (Yt. 19.95)

Note constructions with figura etymologica:

antaraca druuantam ämruta aiia antarauxti

"And he 'interdicted' the Lieful one by this interdiction." (Y. 19.15)

•nstru n a of

yõ gä9å asräuuaiiõ^aesta vä tarõmaitivä tanum piriieiti

"He who (goes) without reciting the Gä6äs out of evilness or because he despises them, forfeits his body." (N. 41)

a. Nom. sing. masc. of the pres. part. , see Lesson 17.

3. Instrumental of respect

masanaca vaghanaca sraiianaca

"In size, goodness, and beauty." (Yt. 19.58, etc.)

•

äat dim daôqm auuåž.ztam yesniiata auuåotam vahmiiata ya9a nwnci! Yim Ahuram Mazdqm

"Then I made him just as great in sacrifice-worthiness, as great in hymn-worthiness as myself, Ahura

Mazda." (Yt.10.1)

äat Yimõ imqm zqrn vï.šäuuaiiat aëuua erišuua

"Then Yima made this earth go apart by one-third." (V.2.11)

4. Instrumental of accompaniment and separation

The instrumental' is used with the verb "to follow" and the expression (saram) vï.mrao- "to say off (association with), to say one will have nothing to do (with)," and some other expressions of separation, deprivation:

yat vispe aniie maöåohõ Aëšma haciete xruui.druuõ

ya! vispe aniie maðåohõ Aëšma haciete xruui.druuõ äa! hõ yõ Haomahe maðõ aša hacaite uruuãsmana (x^Vaëpai9e)

"because all other intoxications are accompanied by Wrath with the bloody club, while that intoxication of the haoma is accompanied by Order (as its) enjoyment (as its own)." (Y. 10.8,

Yt.17.5) vï daëuuãiš ayãiš saram mruiie

"I say off association with the evil daëuuas." (Y. 12.4)

(Mi9ram ... ) Yim driyušcit *ašõ.tkaêšõ [ms. ^Otkaëša] apaiiatõ hauuãiš dãtãiš bäða ustänazastõ zbaiieiti auuaÚhe

"(Miera ... ) whom especially the poor (man) whose guidance is Order, deprived of his rights, at times, with hands upstretched, invokes for help" (Yt. 10.84)

5. Instrumental with prepositions

The instrumental is used with prepositions such as haôa "together with," ha9ra "with," mat "with," paiti "down to, close to," upairi "above":

äca paraca parasaite haôa *Miera haôa Rašnuuõ

"He deliberates back and forth with Mi9ra and Rašnu." (Yt. 14.47) hawam ä.staoiti ha9ra ana gã9ßiia vaca

"He praises the present (haoma) with this Gathic word." (Y. 10.19)

us mê pita haomäi draonõfrãranaot Ahurõ Mazdå a5auua hao^Vharane mat hizuuõ hõiiümca dõi9ram

"My father, Orderly Ahura Mazdä, sent forth as food offering to me, Haoma, the jaw together with the tongue, as well as the left eye." (Y. 11.4)

aiiaohaënäiš karatãiš azdibiš paiti auua.karaeta "With metal knives, cut (it) down to the bones!'

(V .4.50)

9ßã paiti zï haxaôram daiðe vahištam varaeraynamca ahuraôätam

"For in/near you I get best company, as well as Victory established by Ahura Mazda." (Yt. 10.80) upairi aniiãiš srauuãiš"Above (all) other words." (V.5.22)

6. Instrumental plural with dative-ablative endings

yõ yuiðiieiti mãzaniiaëibiiõ daëuuaëibiiõ

"Who fights with the giant daëuuas." (Y.57.17)

frastuiiê humatõibiiascä huxtõibiiasca huuarštõibiiaxä m?9ßõibiiascä vaxaôßõibiiascä varštuuõibiiascä aibigairiiä dai9e vispä humatäcä huxtäcä huuarštäcä paitiriciiä dai9e vispä dušmatäca dužuxtäcä dužuuarštäcä

"I praise (them = the Models) with well-thought (thoughts), well-spoken (words), and well-performed

(acts), with the (thoughts) to be thought, with the (words) to be spoken, with the (acts) to be performed; I accept as worthy of being praised in song all (thoughts) well-thought, (all words) well-spoken, (all acts) well-performed;

I accept as worthy of being relinquished all (thoughts) badly thought, (all words) badly spoken, (all acts) badly performed." (Y. 11.17)

Note the OAv. features of this text: the long final vowels; the ending -õibiias ⁰= -aêibiias⁰, intervocalic b and g in aibigairiiä.

Uses of the subjunctive

The 1st person subjunctive usually means "I want to do, may I do, let me do." In general, the subjunctive is used about the future in questions and in a variety of subordinate clauses.

1. bun iv 1st

pairi dim (for šê?) tanauua azam yõ Ahurõ Mazdå uruuänam haca vahištät aohaot

"I, Ahura Mazdä, shall stretch (spin?) his soul away from the Best Existence." (Y. 19.7)

azam tê gaë9å frãðaiieni azam tê gaë9å varaöaiieni azam tê visãne gaëeangm 9rätäca haratäca aißiiäxštaca

"I shall further your herds, I shall make your herds grow, I shall be ready to be the protector, overseer, and supervisor of your herds." (V .2.5)

uta azam apa.barãni uua šuðamca taršnamca haca Mazdå dämabiiõ

"And let me remove both hunger and thirst from Mazdã's creations." (Yt.9.10)

2. Subjunctive in questions (deliberative subjunctive)

kana yasna epqm yazãne

"With what sacrifice shall I sacrifice to you?" kõ rnqm stauuãt "Who shall praise me?" kõ hõ ayhat ... yõ ... "Who shall he be ... who ...?"

3. Subjunctive in subordinate clauses

äa! yõ nä hiš hubaratå barãt ... hõ ayhãiti zazuštamõ

"Then the man who treats them well ... he shall be the most successful one." (Yt. 13.18) yat yauuõ daiiãt äat daëuua x ^Vïsan

"When the barley is made (= formed), then the demons (start to) sweat" (V .3.32)

aom jaiðiiat auuat äiiaptam dazdi mê Vaiiuš yõ uparõ.kairiiõ yat nä ^anõit nijanã! arša Airiianqm dafiiun€m xšaeräi haekaramõ Haosrauua yaea azam uzaiieni haca kauuõiš Haosrauuaohahe ^b

"(Auruuasära) asked him: "Give me that boon, O Vaiiu of superior work, that the stallion of the Ariian lands may not strike *us/me down, Haosrauua, the ... for command, that I may get the better of Kauui Haosrauua!" (Yt. 15.32)

a. nä appears to be either for nõ "us" or for mä "me." - b. Gen. for abl.

yauuata zaota yazäite .

kuera bauuãt hitõ.hizuuå yezi anara9e yazäite ... kuera tåfriiõ bauupn

. as long as the libator sacrifices (to you, O waters) . .

Where shall the one with bound tongue be if he sacrifices in *unorderly fashion?

Where shall those friendships/satisfactions be ..." (Y.65.9)

4. Subjunctive of exhortation (3rd person)

The subjunctive is used in the 3rd person to express exhortation or duty, especially in ritual instructions:

auuaôa aêtaôa aëtahe šiia09nahe ya9a vaëeapti yaea aëtahmi aohuuõ yat astuuaieti satõ.viram vaëmam anusõ paiôiiãite aošao ^Vhai9iiåsa tanuuõ masiiõ vä ahmätcit

"There and here (he is guilty) of this act as they shall know (him to be worthy of such punishment as) when in this bony existence, he shall fall unwillingly onto a rock a hundred men high

—(having fofeited?) his mortal body—or more than that." (V 4.52)

EXERCISES 15

1. Write in transcription and Avestan script the nom. voc. , acc., gen., dat., abl., and instr. sing. and plur. (where appropriate) forms of the following nouns and adjectives:

hauuana- aiiaohaëna-, srira- vastra-, snai9iš- tiyra-, garamã- äp-, gaona- yauuaësü-, Tištriia-

maniiauua- yazata- raëuuant- x^VaranaWhant-, Aëšma- xruui.dru-.

2. Write in transcription and Avestan script the present subjunctive forms of ä.parasa-, aißi.varaziia-, maöaiia- , fräšnao-.

3. Transcribe and translate into English:

(Y.10.9)

(Y.12.4)

(Y.16.2)

(Y.16.3)

aëtaõa: here aëuua (hapax): in this manner(?) ahaxšta-: innumerable ahurãnï-: lady (of the lord) aibigariia- (OAv.): worthy of being praised in song aißiiäxštar-: supervisor aißi9iia-: (which is) about, around (+ gen.) aißi.voroziia- < N/varz: to cultivate aiiarjhaëna-: (made) of metal (bronze) aiiö.xšusta- n.: (molten) metal anarota-: Order-less anaraee: in unorderly fashion or without purpose (?) antaruxti- f. < antara.mrao- (Lesson 8): interdiction arjhuiiu-: seeking the new/good life (?) arJhu913a- n.: ahu-dom, being the new life aoša1]^Vhant-: mortal apaiiata- pp. of apaiiasa- < ^Alyam: to take away aporonäiiu-: minor (child) aroduš- n.: a degree of sin asongö.gauua-: with hands (daëuuic) of stone asräuuaiiant- < sräuuaiia- "recite" < 4srao/sru: not reciting ašträ-: goad, horsewhip aša.cinah-: who loves Order

ašaci9ra- = ašö.ci9ra-: whose seed is Order, which hails from Order or brilliant through Order (like the sun-lit heavenly spaces) ašõ.tkaëša-: whose guidance is Order, who has

Order as one's guide (?) auua.koronta- < x]kart: to cut down auuanaiia- < Ånaë/ni: to bring down auual)hu-: un-good äca paraca: back and forth Ã9ßiiäni-: son of Ãepiia asta- < arjra-: evilness baëšazaõä-: giver of medications barotar- < Åbar act.: carrier bãõa: sometimes bäšar- < x]bar mid.: rider caxra-: wheel daëuuauuant-: possessed by the daëuuas dahmö.pairi.al]haršta-: strained by a qualified

(Zoroastrian), skillfully strained daoža1J^Vha- n.: hell däta- neut.: (one's) right(s) döi9ra n.: eye oroyant-: *frightening arenao-/eranu- < Nar: to send on its way arozataëna-: (made) of silver fra.päraiia- < 4par: to convey (across: tarö, to: acc.) frasaocaiia- < dsaok: to burn frasastata-: the fact of being famous frašna- m.: question frašumaka-: seam, raphe (the seam between the legs of males) (?) frauuara- (aorist) subjunctive of fraoronä- < dvar mid.: to choose to be frauuãxš-: penis, branch, protrusion frä.dronjaiia- < Ådrang: to learn by heart fräpaiia-, frapaiia- < 4äp: to reach frï- fem.: friendship, satisfaction(?) gaona-: profit gä9Piia-: Gathic hadiš- n.: seat hankoroma-: epithet of Haosrauuah of uncertain meaning halJ^Vharona- n. dual: jaw haomiia-: pertaining to the haoma haoza9Pa- n.: being of good tribe harotar-: guardian, watcher hauuana- neut.: haoma pressing haxoõra- < dhak n.: association, company hatam < hanthamina-: (of) summer hitö.hizuuah-: with bound tongue hizumat, probably error for *hizuuat < hizühizuuä-/hizü- m.: tongue husrauuah-: having/with good fame huškö.zomõ.tama-: where the earth is most dry huuäuuaiiah-: possessing good/his own *strength

(of youth, life) [Olnd. váyas-?]

huzal.ltu-: of good tribe iristõ.ka\a- < Åkart: corpse-cutter ižä-: milk libation Jãmãspana-: son of Jämäspa kanbišta- superl. of kamna-: least karota-: knife katö.masah-: the size of a *house käuuaiia- = kauuaiia-: belonging to the kauuis maòaiia- < 4mad mid.: to intoxicate oneself maësman- n.: urine maëša-: sheep, widder maëšina-: pertaining to sheep maëšï-: ewe masãna-: greatness mãzaniia-: giant (daëuuas) nasuš- n.: carrion nå1Jhan- < näh- "nose" niòã.snai9iš-: laying down (his/her) weapon(s) pairi.arjharšta-, past part. of pairi...horoza- (see Lesson 6 for the form) < dharz: to filter pairi.tanao/tanu- Åtan: to stretch (spin, weave?) away (from : haca) paiti.bara- < Åbar: to bring back, return (greeting:

namõ), *honor in return (?) paitiriciia- < Åraëk: which ought to be relinquished pai9iia- = paiõiia- < dpad mid.: to lie down paošišta-: foulest para.pata- < 4pat: fly away para.pa6Pant-: flying far away pasca9iia-: (which comes from) behind patarata- < pta⁰: winged creatures(?) piriia- < dpar: to pay (with + acc.); tanum piriia-: forfeit one's body pitu-: food, meat rafnah- support

RalJhä-: name of a river [Olnd. Rasã-] ratufriti- f.: satisfaction of the ratus; ritual term referring to the correct arrangement of the ingredients of the ritual rãtä-: gift sar- m.: association (with: + instr.) sata- n. : hundred satö.vira-: a hundred men (high) sandaiia- < dsand mid.: to take pleasure (in: + instr.) snaiôiš- n.: blow, weapon Snäuuiõka-: name of an evil being sraiiäna-: beauty srauuah-: word sruuõ.zana-: belonging to the horned kind stor09Pant- < dstar: stunning, paralyzing stuiti- f.: praise surunuuant-: audible täpaiia- < Åtap: to make burn, scorch tiži.aršti- < tiyra-: having/with sharp spear(s)

eanjaiia- < Å9ang/9anj: to pull

eriš: three times upa.bara- < 4bar: to bring upa...raë6Pa-: to mingle with, contaminate uruuaea-: someone one has a deal/agreement with, someone who upholds the deal uruuäsman- n.: joy us.frãranao- < Åar: to send up (to) (?) uspataiia- < Åpat: to make fly up, hurl up ustãnazasta-: with hands up-stretched ušastara- < ušah- "dawn": eastern uzaë- < daë-/i-: to get the better (of: haca) uzuuaëõaiia- < Nvaëd: to promise, threaten vacahina-: oral, by word vaëma-: rock vaë6a- = vaëõa-: to know var)häna-: goodness varJhu6ßa- n.: goodness, the fact of being good vasah- n.: will važdra-: draught animal, ox vãroerayni-: victorious

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