PHONOLOGY
Lengthening of a and shortening of ã.
Changes in vowel length that are found frequently throughout the corpus
and therefore must be genuine linguistic features include shortening of ä >
a and lengthening of a > ä, both in initial and internal position:
a is
lengthened:
for
rhythmic reasons (?) in initial syllable in:
äiia < *aiia in the expression äiia zamä "throughout this
earth," äkaran- < *akaran- "did" (augmented form, see Lesson
19), äraitimca a5imc.a, P.39), äfrasålÿha-, äfrasålflhaet- <
a-fra-säh"uninterrupted," äsitõ.gätu- < a-sita- "who has not
lain on a bed"; xštäuuaiiõ vs. xštauuißiiõ; after ii in mašiiäka- for
*mašiiaka- and mašiiänqm for *mašiianqm.
ä is
shortened:
often
before ii: aiiaoš < äiiu-, Olnd. äyu-; zaiia-, Olnd. jäya-; probably before
uu in nauuäza-, cf. Olnd. näväjá-; solnetimes in the middle participle in -äna-
and other words in -äna-: aojana-, stauuana-, etc.; gaoöana-; in initial
syllable when an enclitic is attached to the word: apamca < äpanr, ha9ramcit
< hä9ram (N.91), starasca < stärõ; zauuaraca < zäuuara (Y. 71.8); in
the course of declension or when receiving suffixes in antepenultimate or
earlier syllables or when the word was unaccented (e.g., vocative): azinqm from
äzï- "fertile/pregnant (cow)" (FO.3h), pazaì'haž3t-
"(broad-)chested" < *päzah- "chest," Spitämõ but
Spitama, Spitamahe; Sauuaúhe but
Säuuaoh5e; aöauuõ < äðu-; 
occasionally elsewhere: apuerä-
"having no sons" (V .3.24) or "pregnant" < *äpuerä- (V.
15.5, 8).
Note: The
first three changes are common also in eastern Middle Iranian (Sogdian and
Khotanese).
ä becomes äa or a in the thematic ending of the ablative -ät, which
becomes -äat before enclitic Oca > -äatca, but (not consistently)
-at before the postposition haca > -at haca (but always ašät haca, and some
others).
Consonant alternations: š æ rat
The letter was originally designed to represent the combination of
unvoiced allophone of r (hr) + following t (see Lesson 3). It must therefore
originally have alternated in regular fashion with rat, but in the extant texts
we only see remnants of this alternation, such as in aša- "Order"
astuuat.arata- "he through whom Order will have bones" (Vocabulary 3)
and a5im "reward" äraitimca (P .39), beside ašimca.
NOUNS
Ablative
The characteristic ending of the ablative singular is -t, before which
the stem vowel of the a-stems is lengthened to give -at. This ending—with the
preceding -aii-—was also used by fem. ä-stems. There are no examples of abl.
sing. of masc. a-stems.
In the other declensions the ablative is obtained by substituting -t for
the original -h (-s 0 )/-š of the genitive, e.g., barazant-
"high": barazatõ (< 0 -ta-h) barazata-t; gairi-
"mountain": garõi-š garõi-t; barasman- "barsom":
*barasman-h (> barasmq) *barsman-t > barasman; nar- "man":
*nr-š (> narš) 
P nr-t (> nara-t).
Sometimes we find -a added to the ending (-äða,
-aëöa[?], -muda) with the specific meaning "all the way to, up to and
including(?), throughout": xša9räða "throughout (Yima's) reign,"
paitiš.x l'aranäôa "up to and including the jaw(?)," drujõ
vaësmar.zda "(all the way) to the entrance hall (vaësman-) of the
Lie" (Yt. 10.86). Forms in -aëða are less certain (perhaps *aißišitaêôaca
and *upašitaêôaca in Yt. 19.6 < O šiti-, but äxštaëða in V.3.l
may be a verbal form< ä-stä-).
[The ablative singular was originally identical
with the genitive in all declensions except the adeclension. In Young Avestan,
however, there are no certain examples of genitive forms used as ablative.]
The ablative plural and dual are
identical with the dative plural and dual. The endings of the sing. are:
|
a-stems
|
ä-stems f.
|
ï-stems
|
|
|
 -at,
   
|
 -aiiät
|
-iiät
|
|
|
i-stems
|
Il-stems
|
au-stems u2 - and ü-stems
|
cons.-stems
|
|
 -õit, [-aêöa?]
Vowel stems
|
-aot
|
-aot -uua! (-pat)
|
-at, -t
|
|
a-stems
|
ä-stems
|
ï-stems
|
|
|
 haomät
|
daënaiiät
|
ašaoniiät, vaohuiiät, amauuai9iiät
|
|
|
i-stems
|
u-stems
|
ao-stems u2stems
|
ü-stems
|
|
 frauuašõit
|
zantaot
|
gaot, daúhaot raepat
|
tanuuat
|
Notes:
The masc.
paQtä- has the thematized abl. sing. pantat.
The ä-stem haênä- has dat.-abl. plur. haën5biiõ in Yt. 10.93 in
anticipation of the following draom5biiõ < draoman- "deception."
The fem.
ušä- has abl. sing. ušaiiät.
The aê-stem
Rayaë-/Raji- has the abl. sing. Rajõit (Y. 19.18).
The form ziiänaiiaëca in Y. 12.2 may be for ziiänaiiatca (cf. auuatbiiõ
for auuaëibiiõ, lesson 13), instead of ziiänõitca(?).
Consonant stems
|
|
ap-
|
xšap-
|
zam-
|
vis-
|
tät-stems
|
|
 drujat
|
apa! (äpat)
|
xšapat
|
zarnat, zamäöa
|
visat
|
iri9iiqstätat
|
Notes:
The thematic ablative zamäôa (or paiti zamäða) is used in the meaning of
"throughout the earth, all over the earth." There are no
examples of abl. forms of ziiam-.
|
Ojan-/0yn-
|
asan-
|
xšapan-
|
maratän-
|
|
Oyna!
|
ašnäat0
|
xšafnäat0
|
mara9nat
|
n-stems
|
uuan-stems
|
|
num-stems:
|
|
|
 ašaonat
|
yunat
|
cašmanat
|
barasman
, vaësmanda
|
nt-stems
druuatat tbišiiantat
"-stems
narat
h-stems daðuuah
manaohat daeušat
Note: The
abl. sing. of näh- "nose" is nålÿhanat (haca), cf. gen. sing. åohänõ
< äh- "mouth.'
iiah-stems
Comparatives in -iiah are declined like regular h-stem, with long stem
only in the nom. sing. masc. and nom.-acc. plur. neut. Not all forms are
attested. Examples (nzaziiah- "greater," fräiiah- "more
(numerous)," äsiiah- "faster"):
|
|
m.
|
n.
|
|
nom.
|
maziiå
|
maziiõ
|
|
acc.
|
maziiaoham
|
|
|
dat.
|
maziiaÚhe
|
|
|
nom.-acc
|
maziiaohõ
|
maziiå
|
|
gen.
|
maziialÿhqm
|
|
|
dat.-abl.
Dual
|
fräii5biiõ
|
|
|
nom.-acc.
|
äsiial]ha
|
|
ADJECTIVES
Feminine of h-stems
The feminine of h-stem adjectives is formed by
adding -ï- to the (weak) stem, e.g.: yäturnanahï-; maziiehï < *maziiahï-,
but vahehï- < *vahiiahï-; daðušï- < daöuuah-/daöuš- (perfect participles,
see Lesson 20).
The
comparative
Comparatives are made with the suffixes -tara-
or -iiah- (< -iah-). These two kinds of comparative correspond to the two
kinds of superlative in -tama- or -išta- (Lesson 12).
The comparative in -tara- is formed by attaching this ending to the stem
of the adjective with appropriate sandhi before the ending. Adjectives with
ablauting suffixes take the weak stem (cf. the superlatives, lesson 12).
The comparative in -iiah- is made from the root in the full grade, also
with appropriate sandhi. Adjectives with suffixes lose these in this type of
comparative.
I .
Examples of comparatives in -tara- (cf. the corresponding superlatives in
Lesson 9):
|
amauuant-
"forceful"
|
amauuastara-
|
amauuastama-
|
|
baêšaziia-
"healing"
|
baêšaziiõ.tara-
|
baêšaziiõ.tama-
|
|
hubaoiði-
"fragrant"
|
hubaoiðitara-
|
hubaoiöitarna-
|
|
huiiašta- "well sacrificed to"
|
huiiaštatara-
|
|
|
varaerajan- "victorious"
|
varaerajgstara-
|
varaerajgstama-
|
|
yäskarat-
"competitive"
|
yäskarastara-
|
yäskarastama-
|
2. Examples
of comparatives in -iiah-:
|
aka- "evil"
|
ašiiah- (< *aé-iah-)
|
acišta-
|
|
asu- "fast"
|
äsiiah-
|
äsišta-
|
|
pouru- "much" (< *prH-u-)
|
fräiiah- (< *praH-iah-)
|
fraêšta- (< *praH-išta-)
|
|
vaohu- "good"
|
vahiiah-, vaúhah-
|
vahišta-
|
|
masita- "long"
|
masiiah-
|
masišta-
|
|
mazänt- "big"
|
maziiah-
|
mazišta-
|
|
sputa- "beneficial"
|
spaniiah-
|
sp5ništa-
|
|
taxma- "firm" (< *tn-k-ma-)
|
tQšiiah- (< *tané.-iah-)
|
tancišta-
|
|
srira- "beautiful" (< *sriH-ra-)
|
sraiiah- (< *sraiH-iah-)
|
sraëšta- (< *sraiH-išta-)
|
|
stura- "stout, strong" (< *stHu-ra-)
|
staoiiah- (< *stHau-iah-?)
|
stäuuišta- (< *staHu-išta-)
|
|
up-a- 'strong"
|
aojiiah-
|
aojišta-
|
|
buiri-
"plentiful" (< *dbuH-ri-)
Pronouns in the ablative
Personal pronouns:
|
baoiiah- (< *dbauH-iah-)
|
dbõišta-
(< *dbauišta- < *dbauH-išta-)
|
|
PRONOUNS
|
|
|
1st 2nd
|
3rd pers. = "this" masc., neut. fem.
|
|
 mat
|
ahmät,
ahmat aÚhät
|
|
 ahmat yušmat, xšntat
The demonstrative pronoun ima- "this" = 3rd pers.
|
aêibiiõ äbiiõ
|
|
The demonstrative pronoun auua- "that":
|
The relative pronoun ya- "who, which":
|
|
masc.,
neut. fem.
|
masc.,
neut. fem.
|
|
 auuahnüt auuaúhät
|
yahmät yeÚhät
|
|
 auuaêbiiõ yaêibiiõ
|
yäbiiõ
|
|
|
|
|
The
interrogative pronoun ka- "who, 
masc., neut. fem.
kaêibiiõ
VERBS
The future
The future stem is formed by adding the suffix *-sža- > -hiia-/-šiia-
to the root in the full grade (with appropriate sandhi). Exception: dbao has
the zero grade bd-. The future is rare in Avestan. Examples:
|
|
Root
|
Present stem
|
Future
|
|
|
ddã "give, place"
|
daffi-
|
dähiia-
|
|
|
dvan "win"
|
vana-
|
vaÚha- (< vao-hiia-)
|
|
|
dzan "be born"
|
zaiia- (< zvH-ža-)
|
zqhiia- (< zanH-hiia-?)
|
|
-šiia-
|
x]naë "lead"
|
naiia-
|
naëšiia-
|
|
|
x]sao "make full of life"
|
säuuaiia-
|
saošiia-
|
|
|
dhao "press
(haoma)"
|
hunauu-/hunu-
|
haošiia-
|
|
|
dvarz "perform"
|
varaziia-
|
varašiia-
(< varz + šiia-)
|
|
|
dharz "release,
filter"
|
haraza-
|
harašiia-
|
|
|
dbao "become"
|
bauua-
SYNTAX
|
bušiia-
|
Uses of the ablative
l.
The ablative of movement away from
The basic
function of the ablative is to express movement away from.
aëša druxš yä nasuš
upa.duuqsaiti apãxaôraëibiiõ naëmaëibiiõ
"This
demoness, the Nasu, *attacks from the northern regions." (V.7.2)
durãt haca ahmãt nmãnãt durã! haca aóhã! visat durãt haca
ahmã! zaqtaot durãt haca aÚhãt daúhao! ayå i9iiejå võiynå yeivti
"(May)
the evil dangers (and) scourges go far away from this house, far away from this
village, far away from this tribe, far away from this land." (Y.57.14)
yä amauuaiti fratacaiti Hukairiiãt
haca barazayha! aoi zraiiõ Vouru.ka5am
.. who, powerful, flows forth from
tall Hukairiia to the Vourukaša sea." (Yt.5.96)
Note the
genitive + ablative with us.stao- "to remove someone from something
through praise of it"(?):
us g5uš stuiiê tãiiãatcä hazayha!cä us mazdaiiasnanqm
vïsqm *ziiãnaiiatcä [ms. ziiänaiiaëcä] vïuuãpatcä
"By
my praise of the cow I remove (it) from theft and violence,
(by my
praise) of the houses of Mazdaiiasnians (I remove them) from damage and
devastation." (Y.12.2)
2. The ablative expresses comparison "than"
*auua dämqn yazamaide yä hawi
paoiriiõ.däta paoiriiõ.fra¶aršta ašnãa!ca apãa!ca zamãatca uruuaraiiãa!ca
gaotca huôåoha!
"We
sacrifice to those creatures who are those created first, fashioned forth first
(earlier
than) the sky, the water, the earth, the plant, and the cow giving good
gifts" (after Vr.7.4)
Note the
use of the ablative after forms of aniia-, "other than":
aniiõ
ahmãt "other than he (who)" 
aniiõ 9ßa!ya! Zara9uštrãt
"Other than you, Zarathustra." (V .2.2)
T blaiv 
f
The ablative is used to express that before which one yields, gives in
to, flees from (cf. pairi, parõ in no. 5):
9ßaëšã!frä.namaite "He yields before hostility" 
Note the
double ablative of person and thing in:
9Paêšã! parõ daëuuaëibiiõ 
"before the hostility (coming) from the daëuuas" (Y .57.18)
nipätü pairï daëuuãatcã tbaëšayha! mašiiãatcã
"Let
it protect us from daëuua and man (and their) hostility" (Y.58.2)
4.
The ablative of time and place
The
ablative (often with -a) is used to express time and place throughout which,
all the way up to:
yat karanaot aÚhe
xšaerãöa amaršanta pasu vira
"Who
made throughout his reign animals and men indestructible." (Y.9.4)
asnãatca xšafnãatca tätå
äpõ auua.barante
"Day
and night the falling waters pour down." (Yt.5.15)
zamãôa uzuxšiieinti uruuarå 
"Plants
grow up all over the earth." (Yt. 13.10)
5.
The ablative with pre-/postpositions
The ablative is used with the pre-/postpositions aðairi "(just)
under," ä to express "all the way to," haca "from, acc.
to" (also with "fear"), paiti "at, beside, next to,
from," parõ "before" (also: to bow/flee/yield before) and
"because of," pairi "from" (to protect from, prevent from):
ä vahištãt aohao!ã
vahištãt ašãtä vahištaëibiiõ raocãbiiõ
"All
the way up to the best existence, the best Order, the best lights." (Y.
19.6)
. Aà)ê—.,.
haca ã9rat haca apat haca barasman frastairiiãt haca narabiiõ ašauuabiiõ
"(Away) from the fire, from the water, from the barsom that is to
be spread out, from the Orderly men." (after V.3.16-17) haca hü vaxšãt hü
frãšmõ.dãtõit 
"From
the *blazing up of the sun until the setting of the sun." (Yt.5.91)
frastaratãtpaiti barasman
uzdãtã!paiti haomãt raociqtãtpaiti ã9rat srãuuaiiamnãtpaiti Ahunãt Vairiiãt
"Beside
the barsom spread out, beside the haoma set up, beside the blazing fire, beside
the Ahuna
Vairiia as it is recited." (Yt. 10.91, Afr. 4.5) ašãtcit haca
"According to Order." 
ašãt haca ya!
vahištãt"According 
to (what is) best Order." 
nasiieiti haera frakarasta ahmat haca nmãnãt ähitiš "The pollution
disappears from this house as soon as it is produced." (Y. 10.7)
frauuašaiiõ ... yå haca Gaiiãt Mara9natä saošiiantãt varaeraynat
"(We sacrifice to) the fravashis .. from (that of) Gaiia Marotan to (that
of) the victorious Revitalizer." (Y .26.10)
frä nõ nipähi äi Sraoša a5iia huraoôa pairi druuatat
mahrkãt pairi druuatat Aëšmãt pairi druuatbiiõ haënãbiiõ ... Aëšmahe parõ
draomãbiiõ
"You
protect us, O well-shaped Sraoša with the rewards, from lieful destruction,
from lieful Wrath, from lieful (enemy) armies, from the *deceptions of
Wrath!" (after Y .57.25)
yõi maiôiianqm parõ xVaratõit gä9å nõit
sräuuaiieinti
"those who do not recite the Gä6äs because
of consumption of intoxicating beverages." (N. 1 1) Note: present + parõ
> past.
6.
Genitive forms for ablative
There are a few genitives that are used—apparently—for the ablative. It
is doubtful, however, that we are dealing with archaisms from the time when the
gen. = abl. More probably we have to do with late mistakes.
taršta tamayhõ duuaranti 
"Frightened they run (all the way down)
into (their) darkness." (Y.57.18) haca kauuõiš Haosrauuayhahe 
"From Kauui Haosrauua." (Yt. 15.32) An abl. *kauuõit is not
attested.
apaduuarat Aorõ Mahiiuš
haca zama! yat paeanaiiå skaranaiiå duraëpãraiiå
"The Evil Spirit ran away from the wide, round earth with distant
borders." (Yt. 17.19) Cf. the correct forms Yt. 10.95 aÚhå zamõ ya!
pa9anaiiå skaranaiiå düraë.päraiiå.
raëkõ mê haca aÚhå zamat vaÚhõ karanaoiti
"He who shall win(?) makes me exiled from this good earth"
(Yt. 17.20) vaÚhõ may be fut. of van- "win," nom. sing. masc., see
Lesson 17.
darapmci! aipi zruuänam
upa surgmfrašõ.karaitim haöa suraiiå vayhuiiå frašõ.karatõit
"For
a long time after, up to the Perfectioning, rich in life-giving strength,
together with the good Perfectioning, rich in life-giving strength"
(Y.62.3)
7.
Dative forms for ablative
We sometimes see dative forms in -äi or genitive forms in -å instead of
ablative in -ät. As vacillation between the endings is seen in the manuscripts,
this is probably a matter of scribal error.
Examples:
paoiriiqm
garazqm garazata A5iš valÿVhi yä barazaiti haca apuerõ.zaíiiãiJahikaiiãi
"The
first complaint good A$i the exalted complained about the non-child-bearing
whore." (after
Yt.17.57)
yahmät kahmätcit (mss. kahmätcit and kahmäicit)
naêmanqm vätõ ä9rõ baoiðim vï.baraiti *ahmäi (mss. ahmät) kahmäicit naëmanqm
paiti.jasaiti ätarš Ahurahe Mazdå "From/to whatever side the wind
disperses the fragrance of the fire, from/to that side the fire of Ahura Mazdä
goes." (after V .8.80)
auua paE ... däraiiaößam däitiianqm šiia09nanqm
varazäi pairi aôäitiianqm varazäi (for varazät?)
"Apply
your feet . . to the performance of lawful deeds, (keep them) away from the
performance of unlawful ones!" (Vr. 15.1)
Note also:
aëtahmäcit
LA, Kl (Pahlavi Videvdad, 13th cent.),
aëtahmätcit Mf2, Jpl (Iran. Vid. Sade, 16th cent.), aêtahmäici! L2, Bri, Ll
(Ind. Vid. Sade, 17th-18th cent.).
Yt.11.14:
daënaiiå Fl•, O aiiäi .Jm4 (1352), K20;
Yt. 19.87:
vispa.tauruuaiiå F 1; Otaouruuaiiät J 10; vispe.taouruuaiiäi D.
Comparison
with yaea "as, than"
Comparison can also be expressed with yaea "than," notably,
when the thing compared is not a noun or pronoun. To emphasize the comparative
function, ahmät may be added before ya9a. Example:
äat Yimõ imqm zqm vï.šäuuaiiat aëuua erišuua ahmät masiiehim
yaea para ahmät as
"Then
Yima made this earth go apart by one-third larger than it was before." (V.2.11)
äat dim
da&m auuå¿ztam ... ya9a mgmcit Yim Ahuram Mazdqm
"Then
I made him just as great as (I made) myself, Ahura Mazdä." (Yt. 10.1)
Uses
of the future
The functions of the future are similar to those of the prospective
subjunctive (see Lesson 15): imminent future, intention, or obligation.
Examples:
haomanqmca harašiiamnan?lll yõi harašiiente ra9ße
barazaite yat Ahuräi Mazdäi a5aone
"And
of the haoma (plants) which are to be filtered, which are about to be filtered
for the exalted
Model, Ahura Mazdä, the sustainer of
Order." (Vr.12.1) nõit huškõ huškäi sraëšiiete 
"Dry (matter) shall not be mixed into dry
(matter)" (V.8.34) zätangmca zphiiamnanemca 
"Of
those born and those to be born." (Y.4.5)
vispaca huuaršta šiiaoena yazamaide varštaca varašiiamnaca
"And
we sacrifice to all well-performed acts, both those (already) performed and
those going to be performed." (Y .57.4)
zaoeranqm
uzdätanqm uzdätangm uzdãhiiamnanem
"Of
the libations that have been set up, those that have been (already) set up and
those going to be set up." (Vr.9.l)
haoma süra spanta ašauuana ašaiia
uzdäta ašaiia uzdãhiiamna ašaiia aißi.vaëôaiiamna ašaiia *aißi. vaësiianta [ms.
aißi.vaëðiianta] ašaiia hunuuana ašaiia haošiianta
"the
haomas rich in life-giving strength, life-giving, Orderly,
(those)
which are set up in Orderly fashion and (those) which will be set up in Orderly
fashion, being *allocated in Orderly fashion and (those) which will be
*allocated in Orderly fashion,
(those)
which are being pressed in Orderly fashion and (those) which will be pressed in
Orderly fashion..." (Vr.9.3)
EXERCISES 14
l . Write in
transcription and Avestan script the nom, voc. (where appropriate),
acc., gen., dat., and abl. sing., plur., and dual (where appropriate) forms of
the following nouns and adjectives:
imat xša9ra-,
barasman-frastairiia-, vazra- xruuišiiaet-, haënä- xruuišiieintï-.
2.
Transcribe
and translate into English:
(Y.
19.18)
(Y
.57.2)
(Y.57.18)
(Y.65.14)
、~。、もあーも弋ーいも27。あ
癶~ぐもゆ癶↓あ、尽・・、却魲・一
(Y. 68.12-13 )
( Vr. 7.3 )
、~当癶3・、、ゝ、・~魲癶もゆ
(Yt.
1.19 )
も魲、 
ド
(Yt.
3.13 )
(Yt. 5.85 )
(after
Yt. 8.32)
(Yt.
8.35 )
(Yt.
8.38 )
(Yt.
8.47 )
(V. 3.16)
9 ,
(after HN. 2.16)
3.
Translate
into Avestan and write in Avestan script:
l . Then
Yima made this earth bigger than it was before that.
2.
The
steadily running Wind wipes clean the firmament from the right and all around.
3.
The
waters to be purified flow from the Puitika Sea to the Vouru.ka\a Sea.
4.
Then
Ahura Mazdä said: thirty steps from the fire, thirty steps from the water,
thirty steps from the barsom to be spread out, thirty steps from the Orderly
men.
5.
We
sacrifice to the Pre-souls of the sustainers of Order, rich in life-giving
strength, who are greater than all gods in the world of thought, who are
stronger, who are braver, who are more powerful, who are more victorious, who
are more healing, who are more competitive, who fly right into the middle of
the offerings.
6.
From
the northern region from the northern regions ran forth the Evil Spirit full of
destruction, daëuua of daëuuas.
7.
The
pollution disappears from that house.
8.
I
shall lead him to the Best Existence, to Best Order, to the Best lights. (Y.
19.6)
9.
May
that homage protect us from the hateful daëuua and man.
10.
That
reward of yours is better than good, this reward of ours is not worse than bad.
VOCABULARY 14
aôairi prepos.: under (+ abl.)
aißišiti- f.: settlement(?) aißi.vaëõaiia- < Åvaid: to *allocate anu.maroza-
< 4marz: to follow closely anusö < x/vas/us adv.: against
(their) will, having lost their will (?) aojiiah-, comp. of
uyraapäxtar-/apäxoõr- (apäxtara-, apäxoõra-) < apänk-: northern auruuaea-:
who does not abide by the deals/agreements (between gods and men) auua.bara
< Åbar mid.: to pour down äõu- m.: grain äfonta-: *road ähiti- f.: pollution
ãroiti- = aši äsiiah-, compar. of asuäsitö.gätu- < *a-sita-: who has not
lain on a bed äxštaëõa < äxšti- f.: *in harmony (with: instr.)
[Air.Wb.] ãzï-: fertile/pregnant (cow) baëuuan- n.: 10,000 bayö.baxta-:
assigned by the assigner (?) baoiiah- < buiri-: more (abundant) barozah- n.:
height, high mountain caeru.ratu-: having/with four ratus dašina-: right (opp.
left) dorozi.takaera-: steadily running draojišta-, superl. of druuant-
druua9ii- fem. forms of
druuantdunman- n.: clouds duraë.uruuaësa-: the turns of which are in the
distance frakarosta-, past participle of fra.karontaframon.nara-: *encouraging
the men, *giving back hope framon.narö.vira-: *encouraging the men (and)
servants(?), *giving them back their hope (??) fra.stairiia- < fra.storonao-
< Nlstar: which is to be spread out frastorota- < fra.storonao-
< dstar: spread out fra6ßaršta- < fra6ßorosa- < xlepars:
fashion forth *frä.noma- < N/nam mid.: to yield (before: parö +
fräšmö.däiti-
f.: sunset gaoöana- n.: udder, milk pail(?) hazah- n.: violence, violent act
hêm.hišta- < N/stä mid.: to stand (together), gather
152 9,
framon.nara-:
*encouraging the men, *giving back hope 
framan.narõ.ura-: *encouraging the
men (and) servants(?), *giving them back their hope (??) fra.stairiia- <
fra.storanao- < d,star: which is to be spread out frastorota- <
fra.staranao- < 4star: spread out fra9Paršta- < fra9Porosa- < 4epars:
fashion forth *frä.noma- < dnam mid.: to yield (before: parö +
frãšmõ.däiti-
f.: sunset gaoõana- n.: udder, milk pail(?) hazah- n.: violence, violent act
ham.hišta- < xl stä mid.: to stand (together), gather
(intr.) ham.varoiti- f.: *valor
huiiašta-, comp. huiiaštatara-: well sacrificed to huška-: dry iri6iiastät-:
(the fact of) dying, mortality isäna- pres. part. of isa-: ruling kaiia <
kamaõama-: middle maiòiia-: intoxicating beverage masiiah-, compar. of masita-:
longer mãiiauuant- < mãiiä-: rich in creative magic(?) miiazda-: ritual meal
miiezdin-: (possessing, preparing) ritual meals/offerings näh-: nose nämõniš,
instr. for nom.-acc. plur. of nãman- + adj. fem. plur. nipä- < Åpä: to
protect pairi.fra.moroza < Åmarz: to wipe clean all around pairiuuära-: surrounding
protection; enclosure, fence paitiš.xVarana- (sing., dual.): cheeks,
jaws(?) paitizanta-, past part. of paiti.zän- < dzän/xšnä: to recognize
paouruua.naëma-: the front half/side parõ.arajastara- < arojah-: much more
valuable paršta-: back, protection pata- < {pat: to fall, daëuuic for
movement Pärondi-; goddess of Plenty pazarùhant- < *päzah-: (broad-)chested
Puitika-: name of a sea puxöa-: fifth raëkö adv.(?): exiled Rayaë-/Raji-: Rayä
(a city) raoca- < Nlraok: to shine, blaze rao.raea- < rauua- +
raea-: with fast chariot(s) Satauuaësa-: name of a star säuuaiia- < 4sao: to
make swell (with the juices of life), revitalize spaniiah-, comp.
spontasraëšiia-, fut. of sirinao- < 4sraë: to mix sraiiah-, comp. of
srirastaoiiah-, comp. of sturašiti- f.: dwelling place tat adv.: then, there
tãiia-: theft; cf. täiiu- "thief" tãta-: falling; epithet of the
heavenly waters tomah- neut.: darkness tuiriia-: fourth !baëšah- adj.: hostile
9Paëša-:
fear, terror
613äša-:
the firmament; lit. the fast one [Olnd.
tvarita-
"fast"]
9Põroštar-
(Gathic word): (divine) carpenter erisata.gäiia-: a distance of thirty steps
upašiti- f.: dwelling place(?) upauuaza- < 4vaz mid.: to fly (up/down) to
uruuä6ra-: fine, delicate Us.hondauua-: name of a mountain us.stao-: to remove
someone (gen.) from something (abl.) through praise of it(?); see Syntax.
uz.bara- < 4bar mid.: ride up, rise uzuxšiia- < 4vaxš: grow up ušä- =
ušah- f. vaëõa-: possession vaësman- entrance hall vahiiah-, vaóhah-, comp. of
vanhuvaiiauuant-: *possessing birds(?) vaóha-, future of vana- "win"
vaóhah-, comp. of varjhuvaraniia-: *greedy; epithet of a kind of daëuuas
vaxša-: sunrise, lit. blazing up(?) vis@sta (corrupt form, cf. visastoma-):
twenty vispö.mahrka-: all destruction vitaro.azahiia-: ability to overcome
straits vitaro.tbaëšahiia-: ability to overcome hostilities viuuäpa-:
devastation xVaroiti- f.: consumption (of) yaona-: way yaoždiia-:
which should be purified yašta-, past participle of yazazaiia- < {zan mid.:
to be born zahiia-, future of zaiia- "be born" zizi.yuš- act. perf.
part. < 4ziiä(?): *destructive