PHONOLOGY Anaptyxis.

In addition to the cases described in Lesson 6, anaptyxis is also found:

l. occasionally between stops: patarõ for *ptarõ "fathers";

2. between z and r: zarazdäiti- beside zrazdäiti- "faith," cf. Skt. šraddhä-(?);

3. between s and following consonant in word and sentence sandhi (cf. Lesson 4): imåsa tê "these your," yasa 9ßqm "who you" < yõ + 9ßqnr, aúhåsa tanuuõ "of this body"; usa.hištan "they stood up" < us + hištan, vïsa.baxtanz "distributed by towns";

4. between two spirants followed by r: vaxaôra-, cf. uxôa-;

5. between v or uu and ii: vaiienti "I pursue" < *vŽämi; gaê9äuuaiiõ = gaê9äbiiõ; häuuõiia "left" (opposite of right), häuuaiiaca (cf. fem. haoiiä-); mäuuõiia (cf. OAv maibiiä); xšmäuuõiia < OAv. xšmaibiiä, driuuaiiåsca < driuuï-. More commonly uuii is simplified to uii (and -auuii- > -aoii-);

6. between y or ii and uu: yauua = yuua (< yuuan- "youth"), rnainiiauuasah- = nzaini(i)uuasah- < mainiiu- + asah- "whose place is in the world of thought";

7. between consonant and ii: apaiia = apiia "in the water" (< äp-/ap- "water").

Consonants before b

The dative-ablative and instrumental plural, the dative-ablative-instrumental dual, and dative singular of several pronouns have endings beginning with b. In the consonant stems the resulting consonant groups are treated in various ways.

In consonant stems in s, š, and h (< *s), according to the general rules of assimilation (Lesson 6), the final sibilant was voiced before the b. Due to various specific Avestan sound changes the rules are not so obvious, thus final s (< *é) and š (< *s) before b become ž: s-b, š-b > žb, and in Il-stems final h is lost with modification of the preceding vowel: -ah-b- > -õb-, -5b-, as if the ending were a separate word.

A tendency to write the ending as a separate word is seen in stems in dental stops, where *-atb- and *adb- > -at.b-, e.g., druua!.biiõ (-aôbiiõ).

In nt-stems which retain the n, the group -etb- is reduced to -nb- (-mb-).

In p-stems (ap-) the group -pb- is assimilated and simplified, and the intervocalic -b- regularly becomes e.g., aißiiõ.

In the velar stems we should expect some form from -gb- (-yß- > -UU-?), but no such forms are attested; instead we find before endings beginning with b what look like nominative forms, e.g., väyžabiiõ, väyžibiiõ.

Labialization of ara

Before u or uu, ara becomes aru or uru, e.g., *narauuiiõ (dat.-abl. plur. of nar-) > naruiiõ, nuruiiõ.

NOUNS

Dative

The dative ending in the sing. was *-ai, which combined with the stem vowel of a- and ä-stems to form the ending -äi, but otherwise became -ìe, -iie.

The original diphthong remained in sandhi as -aê⁰. In late manuscripts we sometimes find t- instead of -ë- that is, -aiiatca for -aiiaëca.

In the dative sing. of ä- stems an element -aii- is usually inserted before the ending, as in the genitive.

Only gaêffi- has the dative gaê9iiäi rather than *gaë9aiiäi. This is no doubt due to the frequent expression astuuai9iiäi gaê9iiäi < astuuaitï- gaê9ä- "the world of living beings with bones." In metrical texts gaê9iiäi usually counts three syllables.

Young Avestan has no form comparable to the Skt. thematic -äya. [Old Avestan, however, has *-äiiä, usually written äi.ä.]

The original ending -iie is only (apparently) preserved in the ending of the ü-stems: -uiie, but this is probably secondary from *-uuie < *-uuai. It is more clearly seen in h-stems, which have the ending -aÚhe < *-ahie..

Regular u- and ao-stems have dative in -aoe (< *-aoiie), which in the mss. is often replaced by -auue.

In u²-stems in -tu-, the original ending (*-tuai >) *-euai became -epe prior to -uai to *-uuže > -uiie. In stems in -hu- the ending -ue combined with the preceding -Oh- to form -Whe (e.g., aì'he).

The ending of the dat. plur. is -biiõ (-biias ⁰), before which the a-stems have the diphthong aë. After vowels this ending became -ßiiõ and -uuiiõ (after -a: -aoiiõ), but these forms are found only rarely, having been replaced by the postconsonantic form -biiõ.

The forms of the dative dual are obtained by replacing the ending -biiõ by -biia, for which we sometimes find -pe or -uue, with -e < -iia (Lesson 4).

The only—apparent—exception is bruuat.biiqm in antarät naëmät bruuat.biiqm "from between the eyebrows" (V .8.41, etc.), of uncertain form and function, the expected word for "eyebrow" being simply *brü-. Elsewhere antarät naêmät takes the genitive, and -qm looks like gen. plural. [The similarity with Olnd. -bhyäm is therefore quite coincidental.]

The endings of the vocalic declensions are:

	a-stems	ä-stems m.		ï-,stems
	-ãi -aëibiiõ	-äi	-aiiäi -äbiiõ, -äuiiõ, -äuuaiiõ	-iiäi
Dual	-aêibiia, -aêße		-äbiia
	i-stems	u-stems	u2-stems Il-stems	ao-stems
	-5e, -aiiaë⁰	-aoe, -auuae	-o -uue, -uuae -uiie, -uuae⁰	-aoe
Dual	-ibiiõ, -ißiiõ	-ubiiõ	-ubiiõ -ubiiõ

NOTE: As the dative plur. = ablative plur. (see Lesson 1 1), these paradigms include forms' that are strictly speaking ablative.

Paradigms:

Vowel stems

a-stems a-stems ï-stems

haomäi rnazdäi daë.naiiäi ašaoniiäi, vaohuiiäi, amauuai9iiäi haomaê.ibiiõ daënäbiiõ ašaonibiiõ, vaì'hibiiõ, amauuaitibiiõ Dual zastaëibiia, gaošaêPe vq9ßäbiia

Notes:

Forms with -b- > -p- > -uu- include: gaê9äuuaiiõ, võiynäuiiõ.

The form maniiaoibiias⁰must be a replacement for *mania(u)õiah (or sim.) < *maniauažuiah.

	i-stems	Il-stems	pasu-	ao-stems f.
	frauuašãe, frauuašaiiaê0	zantaoe zantauuae0		daúhaoe	gaoe
	frauua5ibiiõ	zantubiiõ		daúhubiiõ
Dual	u2-stems m. raepe ra9ßaë0 ratubiiõ	ü-stems f. tanuiie tanuuae.0 tanubiiõ	pasubiia	bäzupe

Dual

Note: The only form with - - > _p is hinuißiiõ "from the fetters(?)."

Irregular i-and u-stems

paiti- m. äiiu- n. zänu-/žnu- n. pai6e, pai9iiaë⁰yaoe (yauue), yauuaê⁰

žnubiias0

Note: The form yauuaë ⁰is found in the common formula yauuaêca yauuaêtätaêca "for ever and eternity.' aë-stems:

haxaê- xštauuaêhaše xštauuißiiõ Notes: haše is from *haðiai, cf. Olnd. sakhye. No dative forms (sing. or plur.) are attested of kauuaë-. Consonant-stems
vak-/vac- ap- xšap-	vis-	tät-stems
druje ape, apaê⁰xšape	vise	uštatäite
väyžibiiõ aißiiõ	vižibiiõ
Dual		hauruuatbiia

Notes:

The dative of ap- is usually written ape, not "aipe." The dat. plur. aißiiõ has p < b < bb < p-b.

The form vïžibiiõ has the same kind of "combined" i-epenthesis and anaptyxis as väyžibiiõ. The dual of pãd- "foot" is päùuue (thematic).

n-stems

an-stems

(in-stems

urune, vara9rapze

häuuanäne

uruuõibiiõ (Y .2.2)

num-stems		wan-stems
m.	n.	m.
Airiiamaine	haxmaine	ašaone
rasmaoiiõ	dämaibiiõ, draom5biiõ	ašauuabiiõ, ašäuuaoiiõ

r-stems naire dä9re, za09re faðrõi, pi9re brä9re narabiiõ, naruiiõ, starabiiõ ptarabiiõ

nuruiiõ

Note the thematic forms of apäxtar- "northern" (dat. apäxaöre): apäxtara, apäxtaraêibiiõ, apäxaðraëibiiõ.

h-stems

,manaúhe raoc5biiõ, Qzaohibiiõ

Note: The form qzaohibiiõ (qzaúhibiiõ?) < qzah- is formed like väyžibiiõ (nom. *qzah + -ibiiõ).

nt-stems

	ant-stem adjectives	them. pres. parts.	want-stems	mant-stems
	-aite	-ante	-uuaite	-maite
		*-anbiiõ	-uuatbiiõ	-matbiiõ
Dual Paradigms:	-anbiia		-uuatbiia
	ant-stems	them. pres. parts.	want-stems	mant-stems
	barazaite	barante	astuuaite	vohumaite
	barazanbiia	tbišiianbiiõ	druuatbiiõ cuuatbiia	yätumatbiš

Note: The form barazmgbiia has an irregular full grade [mss.: borazanbiia PPY (Mfl), P VS (K4), borozannbiia YS (HI, J6 ^Ozannibiia); boro.zanbiia SY (J3); borozanbiia PPY (Mf4, Pt4), IPY (J2); borazantibiia PVS (MO)].

PRONOUNS

Dative

Personal pronouns:

1st 2nd 3rd pers. = "th' " masc., neut. fem.

mäuuõiia, mäuuaiiaO ahmäi aÚhäi encl. mê yušmaoiiõ, xšmäuuõiia

encl. nõ võ aêibiiõ äbiiõ

Note: mäuuõiia, mäuuaiia ⁰are for *maßia and yušmaoiiõ, xšmäuuõiia for (yu)šmaßia(h). - Note also huuäuuõiia < h(a)uua- "own."

The demonstrative pronoun ima- "this" = 3rd pers.

The demonstrative pronoun auua- "that": The relative pronoun ya- "who, which":

masc., neut.	fem.	masc., neut.	fem.
auuahmäi	auuaúhäi	yahmäi	*yeúhäi
auuaêbiiõ		yaêibiiõ	yäbiiõ

Notes:

Of the demonstrative pronoun aëta- only the fem. plur. is attested: aêtäbiiõ.

For auuaëibiiõ we sometimes find the erroneous form auuatbiiõ.

The interrogative pronoun ka- "who, what?" •

masc., neut. fem. kahmäi kaêibiiõ

VERBS

Present stems. The thematic conjugations

In the thematic conjugations all the present stems end in the vowel a, before which the root is modified in various ways. This is an overview of the types of Avestan present stems.

A. Stems with only a added to the root.

l . Root with zero grade: visa- "be ready," haraza- "release," etc.

2. Root with full grade: cara- "walk," bauua- "become," naaêza- "urinate," saoca- "burn," etc. This is the most common type. Some roots of this type may contain old formants, which have no discernible function: stems in *-sa-: baxša- "distribute" < dbag; stems in -uua-: juua- "live, fiiaohuua- "hail," ^Ohauruua- "guard"; expanded by -aiia-: raë9ßaiia- (9ß- < -9uu-) "blend, tauruuaiia- "overcome"; stem in -da-: only "to sleep" in ni.x^Vabdaiia- and auuaì'habda-.

3. Root with long grade: bräza- "shine," fräda- "further," etc.

B. Stems with iia added to the root.

1. The root in principle has the zero grade, but roots of the type Cl aC2 where the Ci is not (usually) r, retain the a and roots in just add iia: paiôiia- "lie," spasiia- "look," maniia- "think," uxšiia"grow," buiðiia- "notice," miriia- "die"; 9räiia- "protect," daiia- (< *däiia-) "to place, give."

To this class belong the passive forms in iia, derived from transitive verbs: janiia-, kiriia- "be done, bairiia- "be carried.'

2. Denominative verbs (i.e., verbs derived from a noun): aënaÚha- "to make sinful(?)" < aênah- "sin, transgression," bišaziia- and baëšaziia- "to heal" < bišaz- "doctor" baëšaza- "medicine," namaáiia"to do homage" < namah- "homage," etc.

3. Stems in -aniia: zaraniia- "to become angry," parasaniia- "to discuss," probably secondary after viiäxmaniia- "to discuss, debate," denominative of viiäxman- "*verbal contest.'

C. Stems with aiia added to the root. All these stems are typically transitive.

l . A few stems in -aiia- are < -äiia- (which sometimes remains): gauruuäiia- "grasp" (cf. Skt. grbhäya-), etc. Some of these verbs have alternate present stems in nä (garaßnä-, Skt. grbhnä-).

2. Root with zero grade: barajaiia- "exalt(?)," saðaiia- "seem, appear" (< dsand), zbaiia- "invoke" (< zbä), etc.

3. Root with full grade: daêsaiia- "show," baodaiia- "bind," darazaiia- "chain," etc.

4. Root with lengthened grade: käraiia- "sow, till," etc.

Most verbs of this type are causatives and correspond to non-causative stems of other formations:

jämaiia- "make go" <—jasa-, täcaiia- "make flow" taca-, etc. A few are derived from roots with long a: räzaiia- "to straighten" and have no corresponding non-causative stem.

D. Stems with sa added to the root in the zero (or full) grade. This is a common type in Avestan (= Olnd. verbs in -ccha-).

1. Root with zero grade: jasa- "go, come" (< gam), parasa- "ask," etc.

Several of these stems have inchoative meaning, that is, "to start becoming •something, to become something": tafsa- "to become hot," tarasa- "to become afraid," etc. In later Iranian, this type became a common passive formation.

2. Roots in long ä: yäsa- "request."

E. Stems with hiia/šiia added to the root in the full grade. This is the future tense (see Lesson 14): naëšiia- < Ånaë/ni "lead," vaxšiia- < N/vak/vac "speak," etc. The form bušiia- < dbao/bu "become" is irregular.

F. Stem with n infix and a added to the root.

Some of these are old thematic formations: karuta- "to cut" (< x/kart), hi'.zca- "to pour" (< dhaëc/hic), etc.

Others are secondary formations of athematic verbs with n infix (see Lesson 16): maranca- "to destroy" (< 4mark), vieda- "to find" (< Nvaëd/vid), etc.

G. Stems with reduplication and a added to the root:

l. With simple reduplication: hišta- "stand" (< Åstä), ^Ohi&z- "sit" (< dhad), hišmara- "remember" (< dhmar), etc. Some of these may have "conative" function: titara- "try to cross(?).'

2. With strong reduplication: yžara.yžara- "rush (of waters)," japa- "smash to smithereens." Verbs of this type express repeated or forceful action ("intensives").

H. Stems with reduplication and ha/ša added to the root. These verbs are the so-called desideratives, that is, verbs with the meaning "to wish to do" the action expressed by the simple verb: zixšnåoha- "to wish to know" < dxšnã, mimaraxša- "to wish to destroy" (< dmark), susruša- "to wish to hear" (< sixša- "to learn" (< *si(š)xša- < Åsak; cf. säcaiia- "to teach"), dißža- "seek to deceive" (<

*di(d)ßža- < Ådab).

Verbal adjectives in -ea-, -epa-, and -iia-

Avestan has some adjectives derived from verbs which express "that which should/can/is to be done, similar in function to the Latin gerundive.

One group of adjectives have suffixes -ea- (frequently -öa- by internal sandhi) or -epa- (-tuua- by internal sandhi), the others have the suffix -iia-.

The adjectives in -ea- are similar to the past participles and are formed from the same stems: UXÖa- "to be spoken" < Åvak/vac, erqfða- "to be satisfied" < Åtarp/9rap, fri9a- "to be invited, pleased" < Åfraë/fri, yuxea- "to be harnessed" < - The form from drug- "deceive" varies in the mss. between draoxôa- and druxöa- "to be deceived, deceivable.

The adjectives in -epa- are made from roots in the full grade: jQ9ßa- "to be smashed, smashable," m«9Pa"(thought) to be thought," sta09ßa- "to be praised," vaxößa- "(word) to be spoken," varštuua-, xšna09þa"to be made favorable," yaša9ßa- "to be sacrificed to, worthy of sac

The adjectives in -iia- are made from roots in the zero or full grade (like the present stems in -iia-). Some, presumably by analogy, are made from nouns: barajiia- "*praiseworthy," išiia- "speedy," karšiia"that ought to be tilled, plowed," vairiia- "well-deserved, worthy," zaoiia-; yesniia- "worthy of sacrifice" (< yasna-), vahmiia- "worthy of hymns" (< vahma-).

From these adjectives an extended adjective in -uant- could be made (e.g. stara9Paet- "paralyzing"), as well as an abstract noun in -ta- (yesniiata- "worthiness of receiving sacrifices," xšnao¶ata- "worthiness of being made favorable").

Infinitives

Young Avestan has two infinitives, one active, one middle.

The active infinitive is identical with the dative of an action noun in -ti, with the ending -tãe, -taiiaë⁰,

e.g., matãe, uxt5e, varštãe "(in order) to think, speak, act," paitištätaiiaêca "and in order to withstand." It is sometimes not clear whether we have an infinitive or an action noun.

The only exceptions are the verbs ah- "be," aë- "go," and mrao- "speak," which have the infinitives stê, ite, and mruite.

The middle infinitive ends in -ôiiäi, which also has the look of a dative. This infinitive is formed from the present stem, vazaiôiiäi "(in order) to be conveyed."

SYNTAX

Uses of the dative

The dative of animate nouns usually denotes the indirect object, that of inanimate nouns usually expresses purpose (final dative).

l . Indirect object.

The main function of the dative is to express the "indirect object." Indirect objects are found with transitive verbs, most often accompanying a direct object:

mašiiaëibiiõ x^Varanõ baxšanti

"They distribute Fortune to men." (after Yt.6. l) haomõ aëibiiõ zäuuara *aojasca baxšaiti

"Haoma gives to these endurance and strength." (Y .9.22) ahmãi daënqm daësaiiat ahurõ

"Ahura showed him (his) daënä." (Yt. I l . 14)

A specialized use of this dative is the "dative of the standpoint":

aëša kaine ptarabiiõ irišiieiti

"This young woman is harmed in the eyes of (her) fathers." (after V. 15.12)

Note the use of the dative in the commentaries on the holy prayers with the verbs cinasti and para.cinasti "he assigns/refers" (one word to another):

para.cinasti vispam mqeram *vispahmãi (mss. vispam) 111?9rãi

"He refers every "poetic thought" to "every poetic thought." "When he says "poetic thought" he means all poetic thoughts(?) " (Y.20.3)

2. Dative as "agent"

The dative is found with verbal adjectives with passive meaning or meaning "which should be done (by this is an extension of the indirect object with passive verbs:

Araduuï Sura Anähita yesniia ay^Vhe astuuaite vahmiia ay^Vhe astuuaite

"Aroduuï Surä Anähitä worthy to be sacrificed to by the bony existence, worthy to be made into hymns by the bony existence." (after Yt.5.l) — cf. Araduuïm Surgrn Anähitqm yazamaide "we sacrifice to Aroduuï Surä Anähitã."

Mi9rõ yõ nõit kahmãi aißi.draoxôõ [ms. F l ]

"Mi9ra, who is not to be deceived by anybody." (Yt. 10.17)

täca vohü yazamaide yä aetarastä yesniiäca vahmiiäca fräiiaša9ßa naire ašaone

"and we sacrifice to all good things that are in between, (which are) worthy of sacrifice, hymns, and should be sacrificed to by the Orderly man." (Yt. 13.153)

3. Final dative

The dative is also used to indicate purpose (final dative), often in connection with a verb of movement and often together with a dative of the person for whose benefit it happens.

Examples:

amãica epä varaeraynãica mãuuõiia upa.mruiiê tanuiië erimãica

"(Haoma,) I invoke you for both strength and victory for me, for (my) body, and for prosperity."

(Y.9.27)

xšnumaine Ahurahe Mazdå Amašanqm Sputanqm

"to win the favor of Ahura Mazdä (and) the life-giving Immortals." (Y .22.23)

4. Dative of time

The dative is found in some time expressions:

yauuaëca yauuaëtãtaæa "For ever and eternity, for ever and ever."

Bßarštãi zrune "Until (?) the set date." (Yt.5.129)

5. The use of thematic dative endings for thematic genitive endings

Occasionally the thematic dative ending -äi is used instead of the genitive ending:

eraëtaonõ janta ažõiš dahãkãi

"9raëtaona, smasher of the giant dragon." (V. l . 17)

zaota Ahurãi Mazdãi zaota amašanqm sputangm

"the priest of Ahura Mazdä, the priest of the life-giving Immortals." (Yt. 10.89)

staoma da9ušõ Ahurãi Mazdãi amašangmca sputanqm

"The praises of the creator, Ahura Mazdä, and the life-giving Immortals." (Yt. 13 157; cf. Yt. 15.44; V. 19.4)

paiti jahikaiiãi kahrpam vadara jaiôi vs. paiti ažõis kahrpam vadara jaiôi

"Strike (your) weapon against the body of the whore the dragon!" (Y .9.32, 30)

Although it is possible that the ending -ahe developed into -äi in the dialect of some transmitter, I think it is more probable that these are merely wrongly written-out abbreviations, e.g., až. dah., Ah. Ma. , jahik. Such abbreviations are occasionally found in the manuscripts, but no study has yet been made of them. ^{^[1]}

Other mistaken uses of dative forms include the following example, where the dative is used for the locative (Lesson 17):

tqm yazata ažiš erizafå dahäkõ Baßrõiš paiti daúhauue (for *daúhauua) satam aspanem aršnqm hazaoram gauugm baëuuara anumaiianqm

"The giant three-mouthed dragon sacrificed to her in the land of Baßri,

(with) a hundred stallions, a thousand bulls, ten thousand rams." (Yt.5.29)

Not infrequently we find genitive forms where we would expect the dative. The reason for this vacillation is possibly that the texts were collected from oral performers in the Achaemenid period, at a time when the Young Avestan language was still mostly understood but the Old Persian language had lost the distinction between genitive and dative and the dative forms had mostly been lost.

dazdi ahmãkam tat äiiaptam yasa 9ßä yäsämahi sura

"Give us that boon which we ask from you, O you rich in life-giving strength!" (Yt. 10.33)

In the litanies the dative and genitive alternate without obvious difference in meaning, but the genitive is probably elliptic ("sacrifice of") and the dative a dativus commodi "for (the sake of)":

Hãuuanãe ašaone ašahe ra9Pe yasnäica vahmäica xšnaoeräica frasastaiiaëca ra9ßem aiiaranamca asniianemca mãhiianemca yãiriian€mca saraôanemca yasnäica vahmäica xšnaoeräica frasastaiiaëca

"For the Orderly Häuuani, Model of Order, for (its) sacrifice, hymn, satisfaction, and glorification.

For the sacrifice, hymn, satisfaction, and glorification of the Models of the days, days, months, seasons, and years." (Y. 1.23)

Uses of the infinitive

The inifinitive is usually dependent upon other verbs and often expresses purpose. Sometimes the direct object of an infinitive is in the dative (cf. Olnd. vrträya hantave "in order to smash Vrtra/the obstruction"):

häu häcaiiat ašauuanam Zara9uštram anumatãe daënaiiäi anüxtãe daënaiiäi anu. varštãe daênaiiäi

"He (A.M.) induced Orderly Zarathustrato *help the daënä along with his thought, words, and actions."

(after Yt.5.18)

xšaiiete hê pascaëta *aëšõ yõ ratuš 9rišum aëtahe ci9aiiå (mss. ci9å) apayharštãe

"Afterward, this one who (is) the ratu has the authority to remit one-third of this one's punishment."

(V .5.26)

yõ ništaiieiti karatãe sraošiiqm išara hä ništäta kiriiete

"He who (when he) orders punishment to be inflicted, (then) it is done (as) soon (as it is) ordered."

(Yt.10.109)

yasca aëtaêšqm mazdaiiasnanqm imq vacõ nõit visaite fra.mruite

"And he among these Mazdaiiasnians who is not prepared to say forth these words" (from Y.8.4)

nõit mašiiõ gaë9iiõ stëaojõ maniiete dušmatam

"No man in the existence of living beings considers bad thought to be a strength." (Yt. 10.106) ašauuanam të ãfiieiôiiãi mraomi

"I tell you a sustainer of Order is to be obtained (from a sustainer of Order)." (Y. 71.13)

frã gauue varandiiãi mazdaiiasna zara9uštraiiõ ä him vaëôaiiamahï ra9ßaëca miiazdaëca

"In order for the cow to be chosen, O Mazdaiiasnians, Zarathustrians, we make her known to the model and the solid offering." (Vr.4.2)

Occasionally the function of the infinitive is unclear:

yõ janat Hitäspam ... vazaiôiiãi

"Who slew Hitäspa while(?) driving (in a chariot)• (after Yt.15.28)

EXERCISES 13

l . Write in transcription and Avestan script the nom. voc. , acc., gen., and dat. sing. and plur. (where appropriate) forms of the following nouns and adjectives:

aêta- haoma- duraoša-, Räman- x ^Västra-, vao ^Vhï- Däitiiä-, astuuaitï- gaë9ä-, auua- yazata- baraza¿zt-, im za09rä- gaomauuaitï-, kauuaë(ca)- karapan-(ca).

2. Write in transcription and Avestan script the present indicative forms of juua-, jayna-, hišta-, kiriia-, parasaniia-, darazaiia-.

3. Transcribe and translate into English: