11

PHONOLOGY

Vowel changes. Ablaut

Historically speaking, "ablaut" refers to variations in vowel quantity affecting an -a- in the stem or ending of nouns and verbs. Thus, in Indo-Iranian (and Indo-European), an a belonging either to the stem of a word (noun, verb) or the ending could take on three "grades":

zero grade full grade lengthened grade no vowel a a.

In Sanskrit grammar the full grade is called gum and the long grade vriddhi.

In English the old ablaut is reflected in irregular verbs, such as bite bit, shine shone.

Ablaut is not to be confused with the different process of "umlaut," which is related to the Avestan vowel variations a e O discussed in Lesson 4 and which survives in English in nouns with irregular plural forms, such as man men, mouse mice, and in German is indicated by the "umlaut" sign: a o u — ä ö ü (Mann Männer, Maus Mäuse).

Because of the sound developments, the original Indo-European ablaut system appears much changed in individual languages. In Avestan the ablaut patterns depend upon the sound following or, sometimes, preceding the a. In the following table C = consonants other than u n m r:

Full grade	Zero grade	Lengthened grade	Examples:
	-c		paõõ upabdi päõa
aë, õi (< ai)	i		daësaiia- dišta- garõiš gairiš— gara (< *garä(i?)) - nista näist
ao (< au)	u	äu	staot stuta staumi

anan manah- mata mamne mãnaiia-

arär kairiia- — -karat cäxrara ^OkäraiiaraH) dräjah- daroyava/uua u vã/uuä vacõ uxta väcõ daöuuö ( < daðuuah) — daðušõ daðuuå (< daðuuãh) i maziiö (< maziiah) mazišta- — maziiå (< maziiäh)

The ablaut seen in the last examples, where the consonant precedes the vowel—is sometimes referred to by the German expression "Schwebe-ablaut," approximately: "moving ablaut."

On the symbol H appearing in the table, see on laryngeals in Lesson 12.

Spirantization of stops

As shown in Lesson 6, when a t comes before an ending beginning with ii, uu, or n it changes to 9. In addition, an original uu (< *u) after e becomes p, e.g., ratuš but ra9Põ. This rule does not hold in some special cases, e.g., gätuuõ, which is from original *gätau (not *gätuah). Note also, for instance, mašiia- < *martiža-, but mara9iiu- < *mr9iu-.

2003

11

STEM AND ROOT

Because of the multitude of different forms nouns, verbs, etc. can take on—as we have had the opportunity to observe in some detail in preceding lessons—, nouns and verbs are classified according to their "stem" forms.

The stem of a noun is what remains when the endings indicating number and case are removed, and the stem of a verb is what remains when the endings indicating number and person are removed.

Often, however, removing these endings leaves us with varying forms, and it may not always be obvious what the "real" stem is. One therefore abstracts the notion of "stem" from the clearest instances and applies it by analogy to those that are less clear. The stem form of nouns, for instance, is usually most clearly seen in the genitive plural, which has the endings -nqnz or -gm: haomanqm > haoma-,frauuašinqnz >frauuaši-, ratunqm > ratu-, apem > ap-, etc. The stem form of verbs is usually most clearly seen in the 2nd plur., e.g., barata > bara-, staota > stao-.

Many nouns and verbs undergo changes in the course of declension and conjugation, both ablaut and consonant changes, e.g.:

äp- ap frauuaši- —frauuašõiväx- väc vac- ux-ta- karanauu-a- karanao- karanudaðä-nzi- da&an das-ta bär-aiia- bar-a- ban-ta ah-mi as - ti s-tä— z-dï h-uti- Ø-mahi.

According. to the ablaut, stems are usually classifed as:

'strong" stems = with l) long or 2) full grade, e.g.: nom, acc. sing., nom. plur. of nouns, present indicative sing. of athematic verbs;

"weak" stems = with 1) full or 2) zero grade, e.g., gen. sing., acc., gen. plur. of nouns; present indicative plural of athematic verbs.

While the "stem" of a word is a part of the actual word, the "root" is a theoretical concept, and its phonetic/orthographic form may or may not be identifiable with a part of an actual word. Basically the "root" of a simple word (no prefixes or suffixes) is the smallest congregate of consonants and vowels that carry the meaning of the simple word. Various methods are used to represent the root, cf. N/dã "give, place," or {kar "do," Nbü or Åbav "become," Åvak/vac "speak," dah/as "be," etc. In this manual forms such as Åkar, 4bao, 4vak/vac, daog/aoj, Nah/as, Nvaë/vi are used

NOUNS

Declension. Genitive

The endings of the genitive at first sight seem very diverse. Much of this diversity is due to historical developments in Iranian. The most common ending in Indo-Iranian was an -s (as in the nominative), which—when preceded by i or Il—became -š by ruki (see Lesson 5, on the endings of the nominative). While the Indo-Iranian -š remained in Iranian, the -s became *-h, which combined with preceding vowel in various ways: *-ah > -õ, *-äh > -å. In sandhi the final -s reappears: -as^o , -ås⁰ (Lesson 4).

In a-stems, the original *-ãs [seen in Old Latin paterfamiliäs, for instance] was changed to *-äiäs, by the addition of an element -äž-, which is probably due to the influence of the feminine ï-stems. In Avestan [but not in Old Persian] the long -ä- was shortened, and the ending became *-aiiäh.

The ending of the a-stems is -ahe, which is from older *-ahia (see Lesson 4) [OAv. -ahiiä, OPers. -ahqyä]. Before -ca we occasionally find -aúhä ⁰ . The iia-stems have -iiehe, according to the rules of Lesson 9.

The consonant stems, u² - and ü-stems take the ending -õ (-as⁰ ).

2()()3

I l

The genitive plural ends in -qrn (disyllabic in OAv.), before which an -n- is inserted in most of the vocalic declensions.

The genitive dual ends in -å, before which the a-stems insert -aii-; thus they have the ending -aiiå. The genitive, both singular and plural, takes the weak stem of nouns that undergo ablaut.

NOTE: The subgroup of u-stems referred to as u ² -stems has the same endings in the genitive (sing. and plur.) as the ü-stems. In terms of "ablaut" we see that while regular u-stems have full grade of the suffix (ao) and zero grade of the ending (-š), the u² -stems have zero grade of the suffix (u) and full grade of the ending (-õ < *-ah). These two types can be referred to as protero- and hystero-kinetic (or: -dynamic), respectively. These u² -stems have regular -auuõ in the noni. plur. (ratauuõ).

The endings are:

	a-stems	ä-stems m.			ï-stems
	-ahe	-å		-aiiå, -aiiås ^0	-iiå, -11ås ^0
Dual	-anam -aiiå			-anqm	-inqm
	i-stems	Il-stems		pasu- m.	ao-stems
	-õiš	-aoš		-aoš, -5uš	-aoš, -5uš
	-ingrn	-ungrn		-uuam	-auuqrn
Dual				-uuå	-auuå, -uuå
	aê-stems	u2-stems		ü-stems	cons.-stems
	m.	m.		f.
	-õiš	-uuõ, -uuaso		-uuõ	-õ, -aso
Dual	-iiqnz	-uuam		-uuam	-å

Notes:

Only the common word ma5iia- "man, mortal" has an irregular long ä in the gen. plur. mašiiänqrn, possibly influenced by mašiiäka- "people."

No plur. gen. forms of masc. ä-stems in -dä- are attested (pantä- "road" see Lesson 12).

Many u-stems take the ending -5uš instead of or beside -aoš. This is an Old Avestan form of the ending, which has become common principally with words "with strong Old Avestan connection."

	a-stems	iia-stems m.	ä-stems m.		ï-stems
	haomahe	nzairiiehe	mazdå	daënaiiå	ašaoniiå, vaohuiiå, amauuai9iiå
	haonzangn•z	mairiianqrn		claênangm	ašaoninqm, varflhinqm, amauuaitinqm
Dual	gaošaiiä			näirikaiiå

Notes:

In the ï-stems, t becomes 9 before -ii-, but nt remains (cf. Lesson 6): amauuai9iiå but vanai4tiiå!

The gen. plur. ending of the vowel stems originally had long vowels before the n- (cf. Olnd. -änäm, -ïnäm, -ünäm), which is why the -a- is always preserved between ii and n in forms such as mairiianqm.

The gen. dual näirikaiiå is found only in FO.2f.

Original *-lÿhuuï- (< *-huï-) becomes -ì'hi-, but *-ohuuii- (< *-hui-) becomes -Dhuii-, thus vaì'hï- has

I l

sing. nom. vaÌ'hi and plur. gen. vaì'hinqm, but sing. gen. vaohuiiå.

	i-stems	aë-stems
Sing. Plur.	frauuašõiš frauuašinqnz ao-stems	haxaë.- hašqm diiao-	kauuaëkauuõiš kaoiiqm bäzao-	daúhao-
Dual	g5uš gauuarn gauuå Il-stems	diiaoš pasu-	*bäzaoš bäzuuå ao-stems	daúh5uš dafiiunqn•l
	zantaoš	pas5uš	gao-	diiao-	bäzao-	daúhao-
Dual	zantunam u2-stems ra9ßõ (rat5uš) ra9Pqm, yäÐPqm	pasuuam pasuuå	gõuš gauuqrn gauuå Il-stems tanuuõ tanuugnz	diiaoš	*bäzaoš bäzuuå	daúh5uš dafiiunqm

Notes:

In the la-declension, the combinations *-tuõ and * -tuqm become -9ßõ and -OPQrn.

The gen. form pasuuõ is found in a poorly transmitted text (N. 48).

The form hašqm is from *haéiäm (Olnd. sakhyäm).

The form ^Ogauuå is found in personal names, e.g., Vidat.gauuå, Paršat.gauuå, names of two brothers.

Consonant-stems

Examples (ap- "water," druj- "deception, the Lie," vak-/vac- "word, speech," pað- "foot," baraz- "high," uuaraz- < varaz- "invigorant," ^O uuaraz- "maker (of)," vis- "town"):

vacõ, vacas	drujõ	apõ (äpõ) paöõ	visõ	barazõ
vac.qnt	drujqm	apqm (päöaiiå)	visqnz	o uuarazqnz- o uuarazå

vak-/vac- ap- pa& vis- baraz-, ^Ouuaraz-, uuaraz

Notes:

The nom. huuarš can be from huuaraz- "who does good work" or from varaz- "with good invigorant." The form päöaiiå is a thematic form based upon the nom.-acc. dual päöa.

zam-	ziiam-	tät-stems
zamõ	zirnõ (zamõ)	hauruuatätõ
zarnqm		vaohutãtqm hauruuatätå

Note that zarn-, by regular sound developments, should have had an alternating stem zam- cf. upasrna- "(living) in the earth"; for understandable reasons, the stem zam- replaced in the paradigm.

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I

r-stems and napãt-

Examples (ätar- "fire," napät- "grandson," nar- "man, hero," star- "star"; brätar- "brother," dätar"Creator," pitar- "father," sästar-/säer- "teacher," zaotar- "libator"):

narš	stärõ, staras^0	nafaörõ
narqrn nara	strqm, stärcgm
dä9rõ	zaotarš (zaotarõ)	sä9rõ, sästarš	bräÐrõ

Notes:

Note the protero-kinetic forms zaotar-š and nar-š.

The gen. sing. forms stärõ and zaotarõ and the gen. plur. stärqnz are secondary.

Note that the long ä of stärõ is shortened in starasca.

Thematic forms are frequent, e.g., sästrahe, sästrangm.

h- and uuah-stems

Examples (daðuuah- "Creator," manah- "thought," mäh- 'moon," naire.manah- "heroic-minded," zraiiah- "ocean"):

målÿhõ

naire..manaohõ naire.manaohqm Aša.namaohå

manal)hõ manalÿhqrn

zraiialÿhõ

daôušõ, daeušõ

Note:

Instead of the regular (and frequent) gen. sing. zraiiaohõ Vouru.kašahe we find zraiiä Vouru.kašaiia in the formula yaozuti vispe karanõ zraiiä Vouru.kašaiia (Y.65.4 = Yt.5.4 = 8.31). These forms have been interpreted as dialect forms. More likely, however, they are wrongly completed abbreviations of zra ⁰ Vouru.ka ⁰ (or similar).

Thematic forms include månhahe.

The genitive of äh- "mouth" is formed from an n-stem: ålÿhänõ (see below).

Il-stems

In the protero-kinetic n-stems, notably zruuan- and barasman-, the gen. ending *-h combines with the n of the stem to produce *-1ÿh, which—as in the accusative plural of masc. a-stems—combines with the preceding a to become *-ã. This ending in turn becomes -17 after uu (Luan-stems), but -Q after nz (manstems).

Examples (an-stems: asan-/ašn- "stone, sky," karapan-/karafn- "mumbler," varaerajan-/varaerayn"obstruction-smashing," xšapan-/xšafn- "night"; uuan-stems: aðßan- "road," ašauuan-/ašaon-, ä9rauuan/a9aurun, span-/sun- "dog," yuuan-/yun- "youth," zruuan-/zrun- "time"; nzan-stems: Airiiaman-, cašman"eye," näman- "name," barasman- "barsom"):

an-stems:

varaeramõ (^Ojanõ) ašnõ xšafnõ varaerapzqm xšafnqm karafnqm

Dual

Il

uuan-stems:

ašaonõ aeaurunõ sunõ aößanõ zrü ašaonqm aeaurunqm sunqrn yunqm Dual ašaonå

man-stems:

m. n.

Airiiamanõ närnanõ barasma nämanam barasmangm cašmanå

Notes:

The root noun äh- "mouth" has an irregular gen. sing. from an n-stem: ålÿhänõ

Instead of the weak stem ašaon- we often find a5äun- in the manuscripts. In view of Olnd. rtävan- this may well be the original form.

The weak stem a9aurun- is regular < *aearun-, since ä9rauuan- (probably) is < *aearuan- (Olnd. atharvan-, cf. ärmaiti-, Olnd. aramati-).

kaniiã-

The fem: ä-stem kaniiä-, beside the irregular ä-stem forms, has some forms from an in-stem, as does kax^Varaiöï- < and käiðï-/kaiieiðï- < kaiiaôa-, both some kind of "female magician(?)" •

nom. voc. acc.	kaniiäkaine kaniicgm	kainin- kaininanz	kaxVaraiðiiä-	kaxl'araiôin- kaxl'araðaine	käiðiiä-	kaiieiöin-
gen. nom.	kaniiå	kaininõ kaininõ	kaxVaraiðiiås0		käiðiiås0

kaxVaraiôinqm kaiieiöinqm

Note: For kaininõ, we also find the thematic form kainina in poorly transmitted texts.

lit-stems

Examples (ant-stem adjectives: barazažzt-/barazat- "high, lofty"; uuant-stems: aêtauua¿zt-/aêtauuat- "this much," astuuaet-/astuuat- "having bones," druuažlt-/druuat- "possessed by the Lie"; mae t-stems: ratumant-/ratumat- "containing (the word) ratu," yätumaw-/yätumat- "possessed by sorcerers")

barazatõ	aëtauuatõ	astuuatõ	ratumatõ
barazatqm	auuauuatqm	druuatqm	yätumatqm

Il

PRONOUNS

Genitive

The genitive forms of the pronouns are:

Personal pronouns:
1st		3rd pers.
		masc. ,neut.	fem.
rnana encl.	tauua	ahe, af]he	aÚhå, aáhåsa
	yuuäkam	aiiå
ahmäkam	yušmäkam, xšmäkam	aëšqm	ålÿhqm
nõ	võ

Note: The distribution of hê and šë is governed by ruki (see Lesson 5).

The demonstrative proñoun ima- "this": The demonstrative pronoun auua- "that":

n-rasc., neut.	fem.	masc., neut.	fem.
ahe., aúhe	aÚhå, aúhåsa	auuaúhe	auuaúhå
aë.šqm	ålÿhqrn	auuaêšqm

aiiå, anaiiå

The form aúhåsa is used with tanuuõ "of this body." Note also x^l'aêpai9iiåsa tanuuõ "of (one's) own body."

The demonstrative pronoun aëta- "this":

	masc., neut.	fem.
	aë.tahe aë,taêšqm	aêtaúhå

Dual aëtaiiå

The relative pronoun ya- "who, which": The interrogative pronoun ka- "who, what?":

	masc., neut.	fem.	masc., neut.	fem.
	yeÚhe	yeúhå	kahe, kahiiä^0	kaÚhå
Dual	yaêšqm yaiiå	yål]hqm		kaohqm

Note the pronominal adjectives: aniiehe., aniiaë.šqnr, vispahe, vispaêšqm (but fem. vïspanqm).

Active participles

The active present participles end in -nt-. The athematic verbs form the present participle from the weak stem of the root, e.g.: hargt-, ynaßt- (<jan-), karanuuar.lt-, mruuat- (Y.70.4).

Participles from thematic verbs have fixed stems in -ant- (-ant-), e.g., masc. acc. sing. barat!tanr, gen. sing. and nom.-acc. plur. barantõ, gen. plur. barmgtqm.

Participles from athematic verbs have strong stems in -ant- and weak stems in -at- and are declined like adjectives in -ant-, e.g., hatõ, hätqm gen. sing. and plur. of hant- "being."

The feminine is formed with the ending -i, e.g. barantï-, haitï-.

On the irregular nom. sing. of present participles see Lesson 17.

Note that present participles (see below) in -ant- from thematic stems preserve their n in the weak cases.

SYNTAX Uses of the genitive

l . Adnominal genitive

The primary function of the genitive is "adnominal." The main adnominal functions are:

la. Possessive genitive

This genitive expresses various kinds of possession ("the man's house, the man's son"). Note especially the use of the gen. + "to be" which corresponds to Eng. "to have": "mine is a son" = "I have a son" (see Lesson 12):

ätarš Ahurahe Mazdå puerõ "The fire, son of Ahura Mazdä" tum Zara9uštrõ nmãnahe Pourušaspahe

"You (are) Zarathustra of the house of Pourušãspa." (Y.9.13)

x^Vafnam mazdaôätam yazamaide šäitim pasuuå vïraiiå

"We sacrifice to sleep established by Ahura Mazdä, peace of (for) cattle and men." (Vr.7.3)

näirika yä *uuaiiå xšudrå hqm.raë¶aiieiti mazdaiiasnemca daëuuaiiasnanunca

"The woman (who) mixes the semen of both: of Mazdaiiasnians and of demon-sacrificers." (after

apa aëšqm bãzuuå aojõ tum grantõ xšaiiamnõ barahi apa pãôaiiå zäuuara apa cašmanå sukam apa gaošaiiå sraoma

"You, when angered, are capable of carrying away the strength of their two arms, the endurance of their two feet, the sight of their two eyes, the hearing of their two ears." (Yt. 10.23)

h5 ptä ašaúhãcä ašaonaœä ašãuuairiiåscä stõiš hai9iiõ vaohudå

"He is the father of the cow, of Order, of the sustainer of Order, and the Orderly existence, (he) the true (one), giver of good things." (Y .58.4) Note: a5aúhäcä is an archaizing form.

It is possible to have a genitive depending upon another genitive:

rauuasca x^Vä9ramca äfrinämi vispaiiå ašaonõ stõiš qzasca dužäeramca äfrinämi vispaiiå druuatõ stõiš

"I invite the spaciousness and good breathing space of the entire existence of the sustainer of Order;

I invite the constriction and bad breathing space of the entire existence of the one possessed by the

Lie." (Y.52.8)

It is possible for a genitive to be governed by the prior member of a compound:

kamaraôõ.janam daëuuan«m

"(him) who smashes the heads of the old gods" (Y.57.33)

lb. Subjective and objective genitives

These genitive constructions can be viewed as "transformations" of verbal expressions, where the genitives correspond to the subject or direct object, e.g.:

"They love their parents" > "their [subj. gen.] love of (for) their parents [obj. gen.]"

ahe yasnam yazatanqm

"His sacrifice to the gods." (he [subj.] sacrificed to the gods [dir. obj.]) (after Y.57.3) dätara gaë9anam astuuaitin€m • . ...qeA*QS.

"O Creator of the world of living beings with bones!" (he established the world with bones [dir. obj.])

dazdi nõ pouru.spaxštim tbišiiaqt«m paiti.jaitim dušmaniiunë171 ha9rä.niuuaitim hamaraeanëžn "Give us the ability to espy many of those hostile (to us), ability to strike back at (our) enemies, ability to vanquish right then and there (our) opponents." (after Y.57.26)

aëša astï daënaiiå mãzdaiiasnõiš ästuitiš

"This is the praise of the Mazdaiiasnian daënä." (Y. 12.9)

Note: The final long vowels are a typical feature of Old Avestan.

2. Partitive genitive

The other main function of the genitive is "partitive," expressing that something is part of a totality or an example of group. It is frequently found with numerals and other words expressing quantity:

erisatam aißi.gãman«m "(For) thirty years." cuuat aëtaúhå apõ "How much of this water?"

The genitive is used with adjectives, especially, parana- "full (of)":

im zå bauuat parana mašiiãllëm

"This earth became full of men.'

A similar use is that with aratufriš "who does not satisfy the models with":

*kõ *åohem nä gã9anem srutanam aratufriš *yo *maëzõfra vä šäimnõ sräuuaiieiti aëtaõšun vac€m aratufriš

"When does a man not satisfy the models of the Gã9äs he recites?

He who recites while urinating or defecating does not satisfy the models" (N. 19) Note: for the form maëzõ (nom. sing. of maëza¿zt-), see Lesson 17.

3. Genitive with verbs

The genitive is used with verbs, for instance, haekäraiia- "to gather" (for the sacrifice to):

haekäraiiemi Ahurahe Mazdå

"I gather (for the sacrifice) to Ahura Mazdä."

3a. Genitive of mourning(?)

In the following example, the genitive seems to express those for whom one mourns:

cuuat aëšem upa.mqnaiiqn

"for how long shall they remain (in mourning) over these?" (V. 12.1) Note: upa.mgnaiiqn is 3rd plural subjunctive (see Lesson 15).

The genitive is governed by some pre- and postpositions and nominal forms functioning as such.

parõ pasca nmãnahe pasca parõ nmãnahe •

"before and behind the house ... behind and before the house." (V. 13.46) frqš aiiaghõfraspara! "He jumped forth/away

marayahe kahrpa kahrkãsahe ... kaininõ kahrpa srïraiiå

"In the form of a vulture-bird ... in the form of a beautiful young woman." (Yt.5.62, 64)

Relative clauses

Sometimes the antecedent of the relative pronoun is either missing or "attracted" into the relative clause, in which case it assumes the case of the relative pronoun, for instance:

nmänå daühi yasa epä yazaite

"You give houses (to him) who sacrifices to you." (from Yt. 10.30)

raejaiti haomahe maðõ yõya9a pueram taurunam haomam vaodaite mašiiõ

"The intoxication of the haoma energizes the man who honors the haoma like a young son." (Y. 10.8)

yam ašauua vag ^Vhim ašaii€m vaë&z tqm druuå auuiðuuå

"The good Orderly fashion which the Orderly one knows, (of) that the Lieful one is ignorant." (Vr.22.2)

The connecting relative and the relative particle yat

The relative pronoun is frequently used to connect a noun with its adjective or genitive. This can be done using a regular relative noun clause, but, when the antecedent is in the accusative, the accusative of the relative pronoun is normally used.

If the antecedent is "attracted" into the relative clause, then the relative pronoun + noun + adjectives are all in the the same case: nominative or accusative.

If the antecedent is in a case other than nominative or accusative, the relative pronoun usually takes the invariable form yat nom.-acc. sing. n.), occasionally also when the antecedent is in the accusative..

A similar usage is found in Old Persian, which later developed into the so-called izafe(t) construction of

Middle and New Persian. Examples:

yõ paoiriiõ gã9åfrasräuuaiia! yå pargca Spitamahe a5aonõ Zara9uštrahe

"Who (Sraoša) was the first to recite the five Gä9äs of Orderly Zarathustra, the Spitamid." (Y.57.8)

9ßëm ratum daôämi Yim Zara9uštram Spitämam

' I establish you, Zarathustra the Spitamid, as the Model." (after Vr.2.4) pueram ya! Pourušaspahe "the son of Pourušaspa" (Yt.5.18)

duua auruuaqta yäsämi yimca bipaitištänam ... yimca ca¶ara.paitištänam

"I ask for two coursers, one that has two legs and one that has four." (Yt.5.131)

ya! upaohacat Yim Yimam xšaëtam huupeßam darapmci! aipi zruugnam (for *Yimam yõ xšaëtõ ... ) . that he followed splendid Yima with good herds for a long time after." (Yt. 19.31)

cuuat aëtaúhå apõ yat armaëštaiiå aëša druxš yä nasuš fräšnaoiti

"How much of this standing water does this demoness, the Nasu, reach (with her pollution)?" (V.6.30)

Mi9ram vouru.gaoiiaoitim yazamaide yõ marazaiti uua karana aÚhå zamõ ya!pa9anaiiå skaranaiiå duraë.päraiiå vispam imat ä.diôäiti yat antara zqrn asmanamca

"We sacrifice to Miera with wide grazing grounds, who touches both ends/borders of this earth, wide, round, with distant borders. All this he regards, which (is) between heaven and earth." (from Yt. 10.95)

EXERCISES 11

l . Write in transcription and Avestan script the nom. , voc. , acc., gen. sing. and plur. (where appropriate) forms of the following nouns and adjectives:

aspa- spaëta-, daênä- zara9uštri-, nmäna- ähuiri-, vohu- manah-, ziiam- staxra-, zam- ahuraôätä-, tanü- amauuaitï-, ratu- vaohu-; naire.manah- Karasäspa-.

2. Write in transcription and Avestan script the present and imperfect-injunctive forms active of fräiiätaiiaandfräšnao-.

3. Transcribe and translate into English:

(Y .57.33)

(after Yt. 10.33)

(Yt. 12.25)

(Yt.13.2-3)

(V.20.5)

4. Identify the genitive forms in this second version of the litany and explain how they are formed:

5. Translate into Avestan:

l . At dawn Päuruua invoked Aroduuï Sura Anähita:

2. O Aroduuï Sura Anähita, come quickly to my help, now bear me aid!

3. Then Aroduuï Sura Anähita came running in the shape of a young, beautiful, very strong, wellshaped woman.

4. She came to his help, she bore him aid.

4. She came to his help, she bore him aid.

5. It was not long before she put him down upon the earth created by Ahura Mazdä and his own house, healthy, unharmed, unhurt, just like before.

6. Afterward, Päuruua brought her a hundred horses, a thousand bulls, and ten thousand sheep.

7. Then Yima went forth at noon on the road of the endless lights saying:

8. Dear life-giving Armaiti, go both forth and spread wide and far, bearer of small and large animals and men!

9. Here went forth small and large animals and men, (each) according to (his) own wish and pleasure, however was his pleasure.

10. Then this earth became full of small and large animals and men, of dogs and red hot fires.

VOCABULARY 11

aëtauuant-: this much aiiah- n. : metal (pot) aiiah- x^V aëna- n. : *steel (?) ainiõat: elsewhere airišta- < irišta-: unhurt, unwounded anayra-: endless (lit.: without beginning) apa.bara- < Åbar: to take away aratufrï-: (someone) who does not satisfy the models (for the sacrifice, etc.) armaëšta-: standing still, stagnant; cf. airime aš.ama-: with great power ašaiiã-: desire for Order, Orderly fashion Aša.namah-: proper name ašauuasta- n.: Orderliness ašiuuant-: having rewards (to give away) auuanta- < banta-: unharmed ãdiõã- < x/daë/di: to look at, inspect äfrïnä- < + Nfraii/frï: invite (as guest-friend) ãstuiti- f.: praise baroerï- f.: bearer (of: + gen.), womb bãzuš.aojah-: having/with his strength in his arms cašman- n.: eye daësaiia- < Ådaës/di,s: to show daóhu.paiti-: lord of the land diiao- m.: heaven duraë.karana-: having/with its edges in the distance duraë.pãra-: whose borders are in the distance, with distant borders dužä6ra- n.: bad "breathing space ouuiõuuah-: ignorant fra.srãuuaiia-: recite, perform fra.šäiia- < mid.: to defecate fra.šäimna- pres. participle of fra.šäiia- (see Lesson

12) frä.dorasra-: visible from afar fräiiätaiia- < Åyat: to put down in one's place fräšnao-/fräšnu- < 4nas/as: to reach frinä-/frin- < Åfri: to befriend, satisfy(?) gaoci6ra-: containing the seed of animals gãtu-: place gä9ä-: Gatha granta-: angry hama9a yaea ... -cit: in exactly the same way as handraxta-: (firmly) held together haosrauua1Jha- n.: good fame

Haraitï-: name of the mountain in the middle of the earth; also called Harähaerä.niuuaiti- f.: ability to overcome right then and there hauua1J ^V ha- (< hauual)hga-): well-being ham.raë6ßaiia- < to mix together ham.varaitiuuant-: *valorous huruniia- n.: the fact of having a good soul huuar-/huuan- n.: sun huuaro.xšaëta- n.: the sun Huuaroz-: name of (one of?) two brothers iòat: here kahrkäsa-: vulture kaiiaõa-: magician(?) kaiieiõï-: female magician(?) kamaraõö.jan-: who smashes the heads (of the old gods) karan-: edge, border, end kax^V aroõa-: magician(?) kax^V arêiõÏ-: female magician(?) käiõï-: female magician(?) kahrpa: in the form (of: + gen.) maëzö < maëzant-, pres. participle of maëzamaniiu.stäta-: stood in the world of thought maniiu.täšta-: fahioned (by a carpenter) in the world of thought maraza- < 4marz: to stroke maziiah-, comparative of mazãntmãnaiia- < 4man: to resemble niuuaëõaiia-: to make known, announce, introduce

(for the sacrifice to: + gen. or dat.) paõ- (pãõ-/bd-) m.: foot pairi: around (+ acc.)

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paiti.jaiti- f.: ability to strike back paiti.paršti- f.: *study para (adv.): before, earlier parö: before, earlier than (+ gen.) Paršat.gao-: proper name; Having-spotted-cows pasca: after (+ gen.) pouru.spaxšti- f.: ability to see much raoxšna-: light, bright rauuah- n.: wide, open space ronja- < Nrang: to energize, quicken sastar-/saer- (irregular): commander, tyrant skarana-: round (circular) spänah- n.: life-giving knowledge (?) spol)tõ.maniiauua-: belonging to the Life-giving

sraoma(n)- ll.: hearing srauuah- ll.: utterance; plur. also: renown, fame sruta- past participle < ^x]srao: heard (see Lesson 12) staxra-: harsh stohrpaësah-: star-studded suka-: eyesight suxra-: red (hot) šäiti- f.: happiness taëra-: mountain ridge tanu.maera-: who stretches the poetic thought (between heaven and earth?) or who spins out the poetic thought? tauruna-: young

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tbišiiant- (pres. partic.): someone inimical, opponent erisatom: thirty upa: at (of time) + acc. upabdi: at the foot of (a mountain) ušah- f.: dawn ušti- f.: wish uuaroz- < varoz-: with ... invigorant ^Ouuoraz- < Nvarz-: maker (of) uxta-, perf. part. of vac-: said, spoken vaëõa (vaëda) = vaë9a < Åvaëd/vid: I/he knows vaëiõiia- n.: knowledge vanda- < dvand mid.: to *honor vanhana- n.: garment, dress valJhudä- m.: giver of good things Vida!.gao-: proper name, Finder-of-the-cow(s) viòäraiia- < 4dar: to hold up and apart, sustain xšaiiamna- < xšaiia-: being in command, because one can xšudra- n.: semen x^V aëna-, see aiiahx^V afna-: sleep yasa = yö yatcit: whatever, whenever, if ya6a ka6acit: however yätu-/yä913-: sorcerer zäuuar- ll.: strength

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