PHONOLOGY

Modifications of vowels: palatalization of a

The rules given in the preceding lessons describe how a is affected when between preceding ii, c, and j and following consonant (other than nasals) plus the vowels i and e. These rules most importantly affect the 2nd and 3rd sing. primary verbal endings—both active and middle—and the thematic masc. sing. gen. ending, as we shall see in the next lessons.

When the a was also followed by a nasal, the rules given in Lesson 4 vie with those given in Lesson 5, and we get alternate forms, following one or the other set of rules. This situation obtains in the 3rd plur. endings. The original forms were probably those following the Lesson 5 rules, which were replaced by Lesson 4 rules, which apply to the 3rd sing. Briefly, we may say that the 3rd plur. forms were frequently changed in analogy with the 3rd sing. forms:

-canti	>	*-canti		-c.inti
-iianti		*-iianti	*-iinti			-iieißti (cf. -iieiti)
-iiante	>	*-iiante	*-iinte			-iie4te (cf. -iiete)

In practice, the endings -ir.lti and -irgte are found after the palatal consonants c and *j (which became ž before i) and after sibilants: s, z, as well as e (tacinti "they flow," marar.zcieti "they destroy," haci4te "they follow," snaë.žinti "they snow," družinti "they deceive," uruuisiž.zti "they turn," fraoirisi4te "they turn forward," yazinte "they are sacrificed to," varazinti "they produce," para.iri9i4ti "they pass on").

All other verbs have the endings -iiei4ti, -iiente.

Note that the replacement of the uncontracted endings in the iia-stems restored the typical stem formative

-ii-

In aiia-stems contracted forms are not used, presumably to avoid diphthongs followed by two consonants (*-aë.nti, *-aênte).

Consonant changes: alternation yhu

The group Ì'h can not be followed by the vowels a and u. Since Ì'h is from huu, whenever the group is followed by -an or -am, the standard rules operate, and -huuam and -huuan become -hum and -hun and further -Ohum and -Ohun [for ar.zt > ant, see Lesson 5]. These rules create paradigmatic alternations such as paotaffl'hõ — palÿtaohum "a fifth," .x^Varanaohuntam — x^Varanaì'hatõ "fortunate, munificent."

For x ^Varana1ÿhuntam (and similar forms), the manuscripts often offer "regular" forms: x"aranaì'hantam

Summary:

-ahuat- -aÌ'hat-

-ahuaN- > -ahuaN- -ahuN- -aohuN- -CID ^VhaN-

A similar alternation occurs when oh is followed by ui/ui, when we have ì'hi alternating with Ohuii (see Lesson I l, genitive of ï-stems).

NOUNS

Vocalic declensions: diphthong-stems

There are a few i- and Il-sterns that have forms with full or long grade of the suffixes: -i-/-aë-/-äi-, and -u/-ao-/-äuu-. Here these will be called diphthong-stems or aë- and ao-stems (in grammars, usually called iand Il-stems).

2003

The aê-stems include the polysyllabic haxaê- "companion, friend," kauuaê- "kauui" (mythical poetpriests, some of them the competitors of Zarathustra), xštauuaê-, a legendary people, Säuuaohaë-, a calendrical ratu, and the geographical name Rayaê-. The personal name Urupaê- probably belonged to this type, but is attested only twice: nom. Taxmõ Urupa (Urupe) (Yt. 15.11 [and AZ. 2]), acc. Taxmam Urupi/a/e (Yt. 19.28).

The ao-stems include the monosyllabic stem gao- m. , f. "cow, bull," and the polysyllabic masc. noun bäzao-; the masc. adjectives in ^O bäzao- andfrädat.fšao-; and the feminine nouns daúhao- "land," nasao"carcass, demoness of dead bodies," and parasao- "rib." The monosyllabic gao- and the adjectives in ^O bäzao- have long grade in the nom. sing. They all have long or full grade in the nom.-acc. plur.:

nom. haxa kauua * Urupa VOC. Sauuaóhe
acc. haxãim kauuaë.m Säuualÿhaëm		Rayqnz
nom. haxaiiõ *käuuaiias0 xštäuuaiiõ acc. Notes: The long ä has been shortened in Sauuaúhe, like in Spitanza < Spitäma-. The nom. plur. käuuaiias ^0is Old Avestan. Note the lengthening of the vowel of the stem in some of the forms. m.
nom. gäuš bäzuš, ^Obäzäuš daúhuš voc. ga00	nasuš
acc. gqrn frädat.fšäum daúhaom,	nasäum,	parasäum
daíiium	nasum
nom. gäuuõ daúhäuuõ acc. bäzuš daúhuš	nasäuuõ

Notes:

The voc. sing. of gao- is found in gaohudå "O cow giving good gifts" and gaospa¿zta "O life-giving cow" (P.33).

The sing. acc. daúhaom is the "normal" form (only in Yt. 10). The form daiiium is Old Avestan, but is also found in the YAv. formula nmänamca visamca zantumca dafiiumca "the home, the house, the tribe, and the land.'

The forms nasäum and parasäum occur only in the Videvdad. There seems to be no system in the distribution of the forms nasäum and nasum.

The formfrazdänaom, name of a river (Yt.5.108, FO.4g), can be fromfrazdänu- orfrazdänauua-.

Consonant declensions: t-stems

The nominative singular of t-stems is the only morphological category which ends in -s. The stem napät- has the nom. from an h-stem napah-. No nom. , acc. plur. forms are attested.

Paradigms (äbarat-, the priest who brings the water during the sacrifice, ašauua.xšnut- "who pleases the Orderly (ones) ," napät- "grandson, offspring"):

2()()3

nom.	äbaras	ašauua.xšnus	napå, napåsa^0
acc.	äbaratam		napätam

tät-stems

The Avestan has tat-stems (cf. Latin veritas, acc. veritätem, etc.) are all feminine. The nom. sing. ends in

-s, before which the t is lost (assimilated).

These stems are productive in Avestan and can be made from any adjective or participle.

Paradigms (hauruuatät- "Wholeness," amaratatät- "Undyingness," uparatät- "superiority," uštatät"state of having one's wishes fulfilled," narafsqstät- "waning," uxšiiqstät- "waxing"):

nom. hauruuatäs, hauruuatås ⁰ amaratatäs, amaratatås ⁰

acc. hauruuatätam amaratatätanz uparatätam, uštatätam

nom.-acc. narafsqstätõ, uxšiiqstätas ⁰

'It-stems

Of stems ending in dental stops the nt-stems are the most important. they comprise adjectives in -ant, -uuant-, -mant-, and the rare iiant, as well as the active present participles in -ant-.

The suffixes -uuant- and -mant- are in complementary distribution: -mar.zt- is used after stems in u or ao and -uuant- elsewhere.

The adjectives have strong stem weak stem -uuat-/-mat-. Participles of athematic verbs in the same way have strong stem -ant-, weak stem -at-, but those of thematic verbs have only one stem, in

-ant-. See Lesson 16 for the declension of active present participles.

Not many voc. forms are attested. Endings:

	ant-stems		mant-stems		want-stems
	m.	n.	m.	n.	m.	n.
nom. voc.	-õ	-at	- rnå	-mat	-uuå -uuõ	-uuat
acc.	-antam	-at	-mantarn	-mat	-uuantam	-uuat
nom.	-antô	-anti	-mantõ		-uuantõ
acc.	-atõ	-anti	-matõ		-uuatõ

Paradigms (barazant- "tall," mazäQt- (irregular) "big," xratumant- "intelligent," gaomal!t- "having cattle," afrašumavgt- "having no forward motion," druua¿zt-, zastauuant- "with hands," auuantmuch/great," auuauuargt- "that much/great," cuuar.zt- "how much/great"):

ant-stems nzant-stems

m. n. n. m. n.

nom. barazõ barazat maza *mazät xratumå gaomat acc. barazantam mazäntam, gaomantam gaomat

mazåntam

nom. barazantõ afrašumantõ acc.

2003

uuant-stems

m. n. m. n. n.

nom. voc. acc. nom. acc.

druuå druuõ druuantam druuantõ druuatõ

zastauuat

auuå auuåntam

auuat, auuauuat

CUUQS cuuantõ

cuuat

Notes:

As in verbal forms (cf. bauuaißti), the a is preserved in the strong forms of want-stems.

The stem mazänt- is probably from *maza 'ant-.

The form auuå4tam seems to have been influenced by mazå4tam.

The only iiažgt-stem is x ^Vairiiargt- "tasty,", which apparently has nom.-acc. sing. x ^Vairiign (see Lesson 17).

huuant-stems

Adjectives in -uua4t- made from h-stems combine -(0)h + uua- > ì'h. In the strong forms, -Whantregularly became -ohunt-. The scribes frequently replaced this form with the more "regular" form -Whant-.

Not all forms are attested. Paradigms (x^l'aranaÌ'ha4t- "munificent, endowed with Fortune," raocarflhant"full of light"):

masc. neut.

nom.	xl'aranaoVhå	raocaÌ'hat
acc.	x"aranaohuntam, x^l'aranaì'hantam	raocaì'hat
nom.	x ^l'aranaohuntõ, x ^Varanao ^Vhantõ
acc.	xl'aranaì'hatõ

Il-stems

Stems ending in n mostly have an a before the n, so we can also call them an-stems. There are a few änstems and in-stems (but no "un-stems"). Two subgroups of an-stems are the uuan- and man-stems.

There is one iian-stem: the proper name Fraorasiian-.

The endings are as follows.

	an-stems	man-stems	n.	uuan-stems m.
nom. voc.		-ma	-ma	-uua, -uuå - um
acc.	-ananz, -änarn	-mänam, -manam	-nuz	-uuanam, -uuänam (-uuqnam)
nom.	-anõ, -änõ	-manõ	-mg n	-uuanõ, -uuänõ (-uuqnõ)
acc.	-nõ, -anõ	-manõ	-nun	-unõ

Note: The voc. sing. ending -unz of uuan-stems shows final -n assimilated to the preceding labial uu.

2003

Paradigms of masc. n-stems (varaerajan- "obstruction-smashing, victorious," aršan- "male (animal)," asan- "sky, heaven; stone"):

	an-stems			iian-stems
nom. voc.	varaeraja ( ^Ojå)	arša		Fraorase
acc.	vara9räjanam	aršänam	asänam.	Fraorasiiänam
nom. acc.	varaerajanõ vara9rajanõ	aršänõ	asänõ

Notes:

The iian-stem Fraorasiian- has noni. Fraorase with final -e < *-iia.

Paradigms of masc. uuan-stems (ašauuan- "Orderly, sustaining Order," ä9rauuan- "high priest," yuuan"young, youth," ruuuan- "(breath) soul," zruuan- "time, Time"):

nom.	ašauua	ä9rauua	yuua	uruua	zruua
voc.	ašäum	ä9raom	yum
acc.	ašauuanam	ä9rauuanan1	yuuänam	uruuänam	zruuänarn
nom.	ašauuanõ	ä9rauuanõ		uruuqnõ
acc.	ašaonõ, ašäunõ	*a9aurunõ, aeaurunqs ^0		urunõ

Notes:

The voc. sing. ending -um of wan-stems shows final -n assimilated to the preceding labial uu.

The strong stem ä9rauuan- may be < *aearuan- ^[1] hence the weak stem aeaurun- would be regular from a diachronic (historical) perspective; a9aurunqs ⁰ is a thematic form.

Thematic forms include ašauuana for ašauuanõ, etc.

Paradigms of masc. and neut. man-stems (masc.: Airiiaman-, name of a god; asman- "sky, heaven; stone"; rasman- "battle line"; neut.: näman- "name," barasman- "barsom"):

	m.		n.
nom.	Airiiama	asma	näma	barasma
acc.	Airiiamanam	asmänam	näma	barasma
nom.-acc.		rasmanõ	nämqn

Il-stems. ^[2]

The Il-stems include some root nouns, active perfect participles in -uuah- (cf. Lesson 20), and comparatives in -iiah- (see Lesson 14).

The declension of the root nouns and the uuah-stems is as follows (mäh- "moon, month," daôuuah- "the one who has put all in place, creator"):

nom.	må, nzås^0	daöuuå
voc.		daöuuõ
acc.	rnåÏÿham	daðuuål)ham
nom.	rnålÿhõ	daðuuåohõ
acc.	måohõ	*daðušõ

Note: The uuah-stems have zero grade in the acc. plur., with the alternation Oh š due to ruki (Lesson 5).

ADJECTIVES

The feminine of consonant-stems

The feminine of [it-stem adjectives is formed by adding -ï- to the weak stem, e.g., barazaitï- "high, lofty, amauuaitï- "forceful," gaomaitï- "full of milk.'

The feminine of n-stem adjectives is formed by adding -i- to (usually) the weak stem, e.g., a5aonï(ašäunï-); a5auuan- also has an irregular fem. form: ašäuuairï- (Y.58.4).

The feminine of uuah-stems is in -ušï-.

VERBS

Present indicative active

The endings of the present indicative are called "primary." The primary endings of the singular and the 3rd plural differ from the secondary endings by an added -i. In the 3rd plural the final -t, which was lost in the secondary ending (-an < *-ant) reappears.

Athematic verbs show alternation between strong and weak stems.

For iia- and aiia-stems, see Lesson 9. Active paradigms:

Athematic:

1 -mi claünzi staomi karanaonzi

2 cla&ïhi karanuši

3 -ti daüiti staoiti karanaoiti aëiti

1 -mahi dqnmahi, dadamahi

2

3 -nti, -aiti karanuuainti yeinti

Note:

The 1st plur. dadamahi is an archaizing form for the regular danmahi (cf. OAv. damäna- = YAv. nmäna"house").

The 2nd plur. form dasta could in principle be "you give" < *dad-ea, but it is probably imperative in all its occurrences.

The 2nd sing. karanuši (Y. 10.13) appears to be for *karanaoši, possibly influenced by the imperative karanuiöi. There are also similar 3rd sing. forms, e.g., varanuiti "covers (the female)" (V. 18.35; perhaps to be read varanuite, but cf. varanuiöi Y.9.28). The forni karanuuainti is thematic.

The forms of iia- and aiia-stems are given in Lesson 9.

2()()3

Thematic:

1	-ämi	vaënämi
	-a		ä.zbaiia
2	-ahi	vaënahi
3		vaënaiti
1	-ämahi	vaënämahi
2	-aea	vaëna9a
3	-anti	vaênanti

Note:

Note the forms tacinti "they flow" and družieti "they deceive, lie" from taca- and druža- (< *drujiia-).

The uua-stems have 3rd plur. -uuai4ti (bauuai4ti "they become," juuainti "they live," zauuaižlti "they curse"), where -auuaieti has replaced the phonetically regular *-aonti/-äueti.

The present indicative middle

The principal difference between the endings of the present indicative middle and those of the active is the substitution of the final vowel -e for -i in the 2nd and 3rd sing. and 3rd plur. The 1st sing. has just the ending -e, an ending which is occasionally found in the 3rd sing. as well.

For iia- and aiia-stems, see Lesson 9.

Paradigms (daðä-/dad- "make," aog-/aoj- "say, call oneself," vah-/vas- "put on (clothes)"; yaza-, äiiaza- "sacrifice to," haca- "follow," vaša- "undulate, bob (forth on the chariot)," yaziia- "be sacrificed to"):

1 2		mruiie			*-aÚhe	yaze, äiieze vašaúhe
3	-e, -te/-de	mruiie, mruite	daste	vaste	-aite	yazaite
1 2	-maide	mrumaide	daôamaide		-amaide	yazamaide fracara9ße
3	-aite		aojaite	vaohaite (N.77)	-74te	yazante

Notes:

The form daôamaide is strictly archaizing, but has YAv. (5 instead of OAv. d (cf. dadamahi, above).

The only 2nd plur. form isfra.cara¶e (Yt. 13.34) with -aepe for the expected -aðße.

Note the forms haci,pte "they follow" and yaziQte "they are sacrificed to" from haca- and yaziia-.

SYNTAX

Uses of the accusative

6. Inner objects

Two accusatives are sometimes found of which one is the direct object and the other an "inner" object implicit in the verb, which reamins when the verb is passive:

yõ Aëšmam vixrumantam x^Varamjainti

"(Sraoša), who deals Wrath a bleeding wound." (Y .57.10)

hõ mqm auuaea varane nijai4ti . • ...aga.

"He (Sraoša) deals me such blows (like ...)" (V. 18.38)

. . . . ....quòè

xrumim gäuš yä caoraohäxš varai9im paptpm azaite

"The grazing cow is driven along the bloody road of captivity." (Yt. 10.38)

7. Accusative with nouns and adjectives

Nouns and adjectives expressing actions frequently take accusative objects, rather than the objective genitive:

äat ažim aißi.vaniiå bauuat "Then he conquered the dragon."

taxmam staotäram vazanti äsu.aspam darazi.raeam vitäram paskät hamaraeamjaetäram parõ dušmaniium

"They carry the firm (steady) praiser with fast horses, with solid chariot, the pursuer from behind (of) the opponent, the striker from in front (of) the enemy." (Yt. 17.12)

Sraošõ ašiiõ driyum erätõ.tamõ hõ vara9raja drujimjayništõ

"Sraoša with the rewards, the greatest protector (of) the poor, he is the victorious, greatest smasher (of) the Lie." (Yt.11.3) frauuašaiiõ yå dã9riš ãiiaptam

"The fravashis, givers (of) reward." (Yt. 13.24)

8. Accusative for vocative

Note that when in English one might add a vocative to a 2nd-person personal pronoun, Avestan uses an apposition:

ã ãtram gäraiiemi

"I sing you, the fire (O fire), a song of praise." (ÃtNy.2)

Uses of the present indicative

l . Ongoing actions and events. performative function

The present indicative is principally the tense used to describe current facts. It is also the "performative" tense when used in the 1st person (sing. and plur.), especially in ritual or prayer contexts, to describe the actions in the process of being performed by the speaker. On the whole it is used as in English.

äpõ yänam võ yãsãmi"O waters, I ask you for a boon."

ašaiia daôãmi imqm za09rqm , ...aag.s. • •

"I place this libation in Orderly fashion." (Y.66.1)

vasõ.xšaerõ ahi Haoma ... aražuxðam parasahi väcim

"You are in total command, O Haoma, ... you ask a word correctly spoken." (Y .9.25)

Apqm Napåsa tå äpõ Spitama Zara9uštra šõi9rõ.baxtå vibaxšaiti

"Apam Napät distributes those waters, O Zarathustra Spitamid, distributed by settlements." (Yt.8.34) vaëm mahi yõi saošiiaetõ daúiiunqm

"We are the Revitalizers of the lands." daúiiunqm is gen. plur. of daÚhao-.

äat dim mazištam dadamahi ahumca ratumca Yim Ahuram Mazdqrn

"Here then we establish him as the greatest Life and Model, namely Ahura Mazdä." (Vr. 11.21) ime hanti ašahe ratauuõ "These are the Models of Order."

2. Future açtions and events aiiaoždiia pascaëta bauuainti

"After that they become ritually impure." (V.3.14) ayå i9iiejå võiynå yeiqti

"Bad, dangerous scourges will come." (Y.57.14)

3. Past function

The adjective pauruua- "former, earlier" sometimes transfers the action of the present indicative into the past:

yõi pauruua Mi9ram družinti

"Who betrayed Mi6ra before." (Yt. 10.45)

On asti used as past tense, see Lesson 12 (Yt. 19.10).

Uses of the present middle

See Lesson 6 on the three functions of the middle.

Il Only middle

Amašã Sputa- frãiieze "I sacrifice to the Life-giving Immortals."

yõ yazaite huuara yat amašam raêm auruuat.aspam yazaite Ahuram Mazdqm yazaite Amašã Spavtã yazaite haom uruuänam "He who sacrifices to the sun, immortal, brilliant, with fleet horses, he sacrifices to Ahura Mazdä, he sacrifices to the Life-giving Immortals, he sacrifices to his own soul."

(Yt.6.4)

ašam vahištam ätramca Ahurahe Mazdå pueram y. yazamaide)

"We sacrifice to Best Order and the Fire, the son of Ahura Mazda."

pairikä yä dužiiäiriia yqm mašiiäka auui dužuuacaohõ huiiäiriiqm ngma aojaite

"The sorceress 'of bad seasons,' whom men of bad speech call by name 'of good seasons'." (after Yt.8.51)

2. Middle = passive

. imqm. tanum yä mê vaënaite huraoôa

. this body, which is seen (= seems) to me beautiful." (Y. 11.10)

3. Active and middle have different meanings

pasum hë pacipti airiiå daúhäuuõ

"The Aryan lands cook a sheep for him." (after Yt.8.58, et al.) tam upairi Karasäspõ pitum pacata

"Korosäspa cooked (his own) meal on it (the dragon)." (after Y.9.11)

. . ess.. vätõ tqm arštim baraiti yern aúhaiti auui.mi9riš

"The wind carries away the spear which the anti-Mi9ra throws." (Yt. 10.21) yat Taxmõ Urupa barata Aoram Manium

. that Taxma Urupi rode the Evil Spirit." (Yt. 19.29)

humaiia aëta dämgn daôamaide *yä daeat Ahurõ Mazdå a5auua

"We determine as having good creative magic these creations which Orderly Ahura Mazda established." (after Vr.12.4)

hä yä dapta apa.nasiieiti yä nõit ä9rauuõ.pu9rim naêôa daste hupu9rim

"She who deceived (by the forces of the darkness) goes to perdition, who makes her own (= obtains) neither sons who become high priests, nor (any) good sons." (after Y. 10.15)

EXERCISES 8

l . Write in transcription and Avestan script the nom, voc. , acc. sing. and plur. (when appropriate) forms of the following nouns and adjectives:

gao- huðäh-, ratu- barazant-, nar- ašauuan-, vanaintï- uparatät-, barasman- uzdäta-, airiiaman- išiia-, vispä- daúhu-, x^Varanah- raocafflhaw-, yazata- x^VaranaWhant-; Kauuaë- Vištäspa-, Taxma- Urupaë-,

2. Write in transcription and Avestan script the present indicative active and middle forms of the following verbs:

vaëna-, bara-, saoca-, paca.

3. Transcribe and translate into English.

(after Vr.3.5) Note: kascit is for expected kamcit.

(Y.19.15)

(Ny.3.4)

(Y.9.17)

(V.18.15)

(Yt.19.51-52)

4. Translate into Avestan and write in Avestan script:

l . Then Kauui Vištäspa asks Zarathustra: O Zarathustra Spitamid, do you see the moon?

2. Zarathustra, wealthy and munificent, answers him: I see the moon full of light.

3. The evil one possessed by the Lie smites all those possessed by the Lie.

4. O (you) possessed by the Lie, why (cim) do you destroy the world of living beings with bones, men, animals, and plants?

5. Why do you sacrifice to the Destructive Spirit, full of destruction?

6. O high priest, place this libation in Orderly fashion!

7. If you do not place it in Orderly fashion, then it becomes impure.

8. Life-giving Armaiti is a giver of wholeness and immortality. May she be ours!

9. Mi6ra, with his strong arms, is the best guardian of the Aryan lands.

10. Franrasiian is the evil smiter of the Aryan men.

VOCABULARY 8

Aëšma-: Wrath; demon of the dark night sky, the opponent of Sraoša afrašumant-: having no forward motion Ahurahe Mazdå, gen. of Ahura- MazdäaiPi.vaniiah- bauua-: to overcome, conquer (+ acc.) aiiaoždiia-: which cannot be made ritually lean Airiiaman-: god of peaceful unions and healing amauuaitï-, fem. of amauuantantaro.mrao-/mru- mid.: to "say away," refuse to have anything to do with (cf. interdiction) aóha- < arjhiia- < 4ah: to throw, shoot (arrows, spears) aojah- strength

Apam Napät- (apam, gen. plur. < ãp-): Scion of the Waters, a deity of (the fire in?) the heavenly waters aršän-/aršn-: male aršti- f.: spear aršuuacah-: speaking correct words, speech asan- m. = asman-: sky, heaven; stone a$auuaxšnut-: who pleases the sustainer(s) of Order ašäuuairï-, fem. of ašauuanauruuat.aspa-: having/with fleet horses auuant-, f. auuaitï-: this great, this much auuant- ... yauuant-: as much as auuat ... yat: therefore ... because, because auuauuant-, f. auuauuaitï-: that great, that much auuauuant. - ... yauuant-: as great a ... as auui.mi9ri-: who is opposed to Mi6ra ãborot-: the bringing (priest); the priest who brings the water during the sacrifice

ã.gäraiia- < 4gar: to praise in song

ã.mrao-/mru- mid.: to appoint

ä.stãiia- < dstã mid.: to install ã6rauuan-/a9aorun-: high-priest; the principal priest aerauuö.pueriia- n. : the fact of having sons who become high priests

ä.zbaiia- < Nzbã: to invoke, call (hither) azah- n. : narrow, constricting space (cf. Eng. anguish, anxiety) azõ.jata- < azah- + jata-, pp. of 4jan-: killed in a tight spot barazal)t-: tall, lofty canra1Jhãk-, canraqhäc-: following the pastures ca9Pärö: four cuuant-, n. cuuat: how much?

daòuuah-, daõuš- (daeuš-): the one who has put all in place, creator dapta-, pp. of 4dab: deceived dasuuar- n.: talent dä6rï- f. < datar-: giver (of + acc.) dahišta-, superlative of danra-: most qualified dorozi.raea- < dorozra- + ra9a-: with solid/steady chariot(s) druža- < *drujiia- < ddraoy/drug/druj: to lie dužaka-: hedgehog dužiiäiriia-: bringing bad seasons (harvest) dužuuacah-: having/with bad speech orožuxõa-: rightly, correctly spoken, which should be spoken correctly fradaea- n.: furtherance

Frarjrasiian-: name of a Turanian, arch-enemy of the

Aryans fraoirisiia- < 4uruuaës mid.: to turn (to) fra.pinuua- < 4piuu mid.: to swell forth (to: auui) Frazdänu- or Frazdãnauua-: name of a river frä.mrao-/mru-: to pronounce, proclaim gaomant-: containing milk gäraiia- > ä.gäraiiahamoraea-: opponent, competitor hangouruuaiia- < Ågrab: to grab hold of haera: in one and the same place, right then and there hudäh-, huõäh-: giving good gifts huiiäiriia-: bringing good seasons (harvest) humaiia- < maiiä-: having good creative magic(?) hupueriia- n.: the fact of having good sons iffiejah-: dangerous jayništa- < djan/yn: smashing the most jai)tar- < 4jan/yn: striker (+ acc.) kahrkatät- f.: the word "chicken" maõa-: intoxication

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maëza- < Åmaëz/miz: to urinate masti- f.: knowledge mašiiõ.jata- < ma$iia- + jata-, pp. of jan-: killed by a

man mäh-: nioon, month moronc-/marank- (moronca-) < 4mark: to destroy naëõa, cf. nöit: not na poss. pron. dual: our norofsa- < 4narp: to wane norofsastãt- f.: waning nijan- < ni + Åjan/yn: to strike (down) nimrao-/mru- < dmrao/mru mid.: to call down pairikã-: sorceress, witch panca.dasa: fifteen; fifteen-year old para.iri9iia- < Åraë9/ri6: to pass away Parö.daros-: name of a mythical cock paskät: behind, (from) behind parasao- f.: rib raëuuant-: wealthy raoca1] ^V haQt-•. endowed with light rasman- m.: battle line sarjha-: proclamation, utterance snaëža- < Åsnaëg/snaëj: to snow spõ.jata- < span- + jata-, pp. of jan-: killed by a dog staotar-: praiser sti- temporal being, temporal existence (= past, present, and future) šõi9rõ.baxta-: distributed by settlements

!baëšö.jata- < tbaëšah- + jata-, pp. of jan-: killed by an enelTIY' erätõ.tama-: protecting the most ufiia- < x/vaf/uf: to weave (sb.) into a poetic web, hyllln upa.duuasa-: *rush upon uparatät- f.: superiority

Urupaë-: naine•, Taxma- Urupaë-, legendary hero uruuan-/urun- m.: (breath) soul uruuisiia- < Nuruuaës: to revolve (around: aißitö) uštatãt- f.: state of having one's wishes fulfilled uxÕa- n.: utterance uxšiiastät- f.: waxing vaëmö.jata- < vaëma- + jata-, pp. of jan-: killed by a rock

vah-/vas- mid.: to put on (clothes), don vana- < 4van: to conquer, overcome vanaintÏ- f. < vanant-, pres. part. of 4van: victorious varai9iia-: of captivity varodaea- n. : growth varana- n.: choice vaša- < *vacia- < Nvak/vac mid.: undulate, bob

(forth on the horse, chariot) vohrka-: wolf, a criminal vohrkö.jata- < vahrka- + jata-, pp. of jan-: killed by a wolf (= murderer) vorona-: wound voranao-/voronu- < 4var act./mid.: to cover (the female sexually) vis- f.: house vispõ.paësah-: all adorned vispõ.tanü- or vispõ.tanuua-: of the entire body vitar- < Nvaë/vi: pursuer (+ acc.) vixrumant-: bleeding vï.baxša- < 4bag: to distribute

Vouru.kaša- n.: name of a mythical (heavenly) sea vöiynã-: kind of scourge, *flood xratu-: (guiding) thought, intelligence xratumat)t-: intelligent xrumiia-: bloody xša6riia-: commanding, powerful xštauuaë-, xštouui-: name of a legendary people x^V ara-: wound x ^V aronah-: divine Fortune, gift of Fortune, munificence x^V arona1J ^V hant-: munificent x^V ä6ra- n.: good breathing space yaziia- < 4yaz mid.: be sacrificed yat: that (conj.), when, as for, etc.

yãtu.jata- < yätu- + jata-, pp. of jan-: killed by a sorcerer yuuan-/yun- youth, young man zastauuant-: with one's hands zauuanö.sü-: who benefits when invoked zraiiah- n.: sea zurõ.jata- < zurah- + jata-, pp. of jan-: killed by treachery

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[1] Cf. ärmaiti- vs. Olnd. aramati-.

[2] ()()3