Telugu people (Telugu:
తెలుగువాళ్లు, Romanization: Teluguvāḷlu),
also rendered as Telugus, are one of the four major and the largest Dravidian ethnolinguistic
groups in terms of population native to the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Yanam district of Puducherry. A significant amount
of Telugus also reside in the surrounding Indian states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Kerala and Odisha, also in the union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The
Telugus like some other South Asians, are largely descend from a varied mixture of Pre-Dravidian
tribes, Dravidian and Indo-Aryan people. The earliest Telugu identity
associated with are the Andhras, a tribe from whom the Telugus inherit their ethnonym from, were known to
have migrated from the banks of River Yamuna in the North to the banks of Krishna and Godavari in the South-East of
the Subcontinent right
in the Telugu-heartland postulated to be of Indo-Aryan in speech and culture.[3][4][5]
During the boon of Nastika Schools of Buddhism and Jainism in the region, Telugus along with most of India saw
reformation of its traditional high society. It is supposed among here where
the embryogenesis of Mahayana Buddhism sprung from, which would later go on to become the
largest Buddhist tradition in the World.[6][7][8][9]
Telangani, another term referring to a
Telugu or a resident in the land inhabited by Telugus was coined during the
14th century CE, which ultimately derives from the Sanskrit "Trilinga" signifying the
three lingas that
are positioned in a Tri-angle across the Telugu-land.[10][11][12][13] Present two Telugu States with their names of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh came to be
officially later on, although they mean the same idea overlapping each other.
Indian diaspora of Telugu origin are found widespread, especially in the USA, Myanmar, Malaysia, South Africa,[14] Australia[15] and Canada, mostly around the Anglosphere. The Telugu language is the 4th most spoken in the Republic of India[16][17] and
the 15th most spoken language in the world.[18]
The Telugu people and other South
Asian ethnic groups are of primarily
indigenous South Asian (AASI) ancestry. Indigenous South Asians (AASI) form
their own genetic lineage, not closely related to populations outside of
South Asia.[19]
The indigenous South Asians ("SAsia") form their own genetic
lineage and are not closely related to populations outside of South Asia.
Distribution of indigenous South Asian (AASI), West-Eurasian, and East
Asian/Oceanian lineages.
The AASI originated within South Asia and were genetically
isolated from other populations more than 45,000 years BCe. Indigenous South Asian (AASI)
ancestry forms the primary ancestry for modern South Asians (between 50% to
70%), next to recent West-Eurasian and East-Eurasian components. The AASI are
however not distantly related to the Andamanese
peoples, as proposed before. In contrary, the
Andamanese (Onge) are closer to various Oceanic groups and received some
geneflow from South Asia and East Asia respectively. AASI-like geneflow
towards Aboriginal Australians was also detected (up to 30%) and further supports
migration waves from South Asia to Oceania.The Paniya people are, next to the
Irula and the Soliga, the best proxy for indigenous South Asian ancestry.[19]
Telugu is a South-Central Dravidian
language primarily spoken in the states of
Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, India, where it is the official language. The
oldest inscriptions with Telugu words date to 400 B.C.E found at Bhattiprolu in Guntur district.[19] Other early inscriptions with more refined language were
found in Kantamanenivarigudem, Guntupalli in West Godavari district and Gummadidurru and Ghantasala in Krishna district. The earliest
inscription completely written in Telugu dates to 575 CE found at Kalamalla
village in Kadapa district.[19] The earliest Telugu
literature dates to 11th century CE with Nannaya's Andhra Mahabharatam.
In the sixth century BCE, Assaka was one of the Sixteen
Mahajanapadas. After the Mauryas, parts of Andhra
Pradesh, Telangana were variously ruled by dynasties either ethnically
Telugus. The Vishnukundina Dynasty, Eastern Chalukyas, Kakatiya Dynasty and Reddy dynasty were some of the many Major Telugu Kingdoms and
Dynasties Ruling the Region. It was succeeded by the Satavahana dynasty (230 BCE-220
CE), who built the city of Amaravati. The kingdom reached its zenith under Gautamiputra Satakarni. At the end
of the period, the Telugu region was divided into Kingdoms ruled by lords. In
the late second century CE, the Andhra
Ikshvakus ruled the eastern region along the
Krishna River.
During the fourth century, the Pallava
dynasty extended their rule from southern
Andhra Pradesh to Tamilakam and established their capital at Kanchipuram. Their power increased
during the reigns of Mahendravarman I (571–630) and Narasimhavarman
I (630–668). The Pallavas dominated the
southern Telugu-speaking region and northern Tamilakam until the end of the
ninth century.
Between 1163 and 1323 the Kakatiya
dynasty emerged, bringing the Telugu region
under unified rule. During this period, the Telugu
language emerged as a literary medium with
the writings of Tikkana, Eranna, Nannaya, Pothana etc., are the converters of the
great Hindu epics like Ramayana, Mahabharatha, Bhagavatha etc.,.
In 1323 the sultan of Delhi, Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, sent a large army commanded by Ulugh Khan (later, as Muhammad bin Tughluq, the Delhi
sultan) to conquer the Telugu region and lay siege
to Warangal. The fall of the Kakatiya dynasty led to an
era with competing influences from the Turkic kingdoms of Delhi, the Chalukya Chola dynasty
(1070–1279) in the south and the Persio-Tajik sultanate of central India. The
struggle for Andhra ended with the victory of the Musunuri Nayaks over the
Turkic Delhi Sultanate.
The Telugu achieved independence under Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara
Empire (1336–1646). The Qutb Shahi dynasty of
the Bahmani Sultanate succeeded that empire. The Qutub Shahis were tolerant of
Telugu culture from the early 16th to the end of the 17th centuries.
The arrival of Europeans (the French under the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau and
the English under Robert Clive) altered polity of the region . In 1765, Clive and the chief and council at Visakhapatnam obtained
the Northern Circars from Mughal emperor Shah Alam. The British achieved supremacy when they defeated Maharaja
Vijaya Rama Gajapati Raju of Vizianagaram in 1792.
Andhra's modern foundation was laid in the struggle for Indian
independence under Mohandas Gandhi. Potti Sriramulu's campaign for a state independent of the Madras Presidency and Tanguturi Prakasam Panthulu
and Kandukuri Veeresalingam's social-reform movements led to the formation of Andhra State, with Kurnool its capital and
freedom-fighter Pantullu its first chief minister. A democratic society, with
two stable political parties and a modern economy, emerged under the Chief Ministership of N. T. Rama Rao.
India became independent from the
United Kingdom in 1947. Although the Muslim Nizam
of Hyderabad wanted to retain independence
from India, but was forced to cede his kingdom to the Dominion of India in 1948 to
form Hyderabad State. Andhra, the first Indian state formed primarily on a
linguistic basis, was carved from the Madras Presidency in 1953. In 1956,
Andhra State was merged with the Telugu-speaking portion of Hyderabad State to create the
state of Andhra Pradesh. The Lok Sabha approved the formation of Telangana from ten districts
of Andhra Pradesh on 18 February 2014.[20]
Important festivals celebrated by Telugu people include:
Bhogi,
Makara Sankranti, Kanuma in January. (The exact
date may vary as per the Hindu calendar.)
Maha
Sivaratri in February/March. (The exact date may
vary as per the Hindu calendar.)
Ugadi or the Telugu New Year in March/April. (The exact date
may vary as per the Hindu calendar.)
Sri
Rama Navami celebrated in March/April, 9 days
after Ugadi.
(The exact date may vary as per the Hindu
calendar.)
Bonalu celebrated in Ashada
masam (July/August). (The exact date may
vary as per the Hindu calendar.)
Hanuman
Jayanti in March/May/June. (The exact date may vary
as per the Hindu calendar.)
Vaikunta
Ekadasi in December /January . (The exact date may
vary as per Hindu calendar.)
Varalakshmi
Vratam in August. (The exact date may vary as
per Hindu calendar.)
Krishna
Janmashtami in August. (The exact date may vary as
per Hindu calendar.)
Vinayaka
Chaviti in August. (The exact date may vary as per
the Hindu calendar.)
Bathukamma celebrated for nine days during Durga Navratri.
Dasara in September/October. (The exact date may vary as per
the Hindu calendar.)
Atla
Tadde 3rd day in bright half of Ashviyuja month (falls in
September/October in Gregorian calendar). However, the exact date may vary
according to the Hindu calendar.
Deepavali date may vary as per the Hindu
calendar.)
Nagula
Chaviti in October/November. (The exact date may
vary as per the Hindu calendar.)
Ramadan, Eid Al Adha, Eid Al Fitr, Moharram, Vesak Day, Easter, Thanksgiving and Christmas are among the minorities.
Telugu is the fourth most spoken language after Hindi, Bengali and Marathi in India.[16] Andhra Pradesh and Telangana are the principal resident states for Telugu people.
Telugu people form the majority speakers in South India with
over 75 million speakers in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. This is followed by
3.7 million in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu making them the
second largest language groups in those neighbouring states.[21]
In Tamil Nadu, Telugu people who migrated during the Vijayanagara period have
spread across several northern districts and constitute the majority of the
population in Chennai city. In Karnataka, Telugu people are predominantly found in the border
districts with majority in Bangalore city.
In Maharashtra the Telugu population is over 1.4 million, followed by
0.7 million in Orissa. Other states with significant populations include West
Bengal and Chhattisgarh with 200,000 and 150,000 respectively.[21]
The overseas Telugu diaspora numbers more than 800,000 in the United States, with the
highest concentration in Central New Jersey, Texas, and California.[citation
needed]
There are around 300,000 Telugu people
in Malaysia.[22]
1. ^ Jump up to:ab "Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's
strength - 2011" (PDF). Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
2. ^ "Telugu population figure worldwide". Ethnologue. August 2019.
3. ^ Ancient and medieval history of Andhra Pradesh. P. Raghunadha Rao. Sterling Publishers, 1993. 1993.
p. iv. ISBN 9788120714953. Retrieved 9
June2014.
4. ^ "History of Andhra Pradesh". Government of Andhra
Pradesh. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012.
Retrieved 22 July 2012.
5. ^ Sailendra Nath Sen (1999). Ancient
Indian History and Civilization. New Age
International. pp. 172–176. ISBN 9788122411980. Archived from the original on 23 March 2017. Retrieved 29
January 2017.
10. ^ Parpola, Asko (2015), The
Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization, Oxford University Press,
p. 167, ISBN 978-0190226923
11. ^ Rao, Raja M. Bhujanga; P. Chenchiah (1988). A History of Telugu Literature.
Asian Educational Services. p. 55. ISBN 978-81-206-0313-4.
12. ^ Brown, Charles P. (1839), "Essay on the Language and Literature of Telugus", Madras Journal of Literature and Science, X, Vepery mission Press.,
p. 53
13. ^ Caldwell, Robert (1856), A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family
of Languages (PDF), London: Harrison, p. 64
14. ^ "A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ANDHRA PEOPLE IN SOUTH
AFRICA". Andhra Maha Sabha of South
Africa. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
15. ^ "Indian population in Australia increases 30 per cent in
less than two years; now the third largest migrant group in Australia". SBS Your Language. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
16. ^ Jump up to:ab "Nearly 60% of Indians speak a language other than
Hindi". The Times of India.
17. ^ "What Languages Are Spoken in India?". WorldAtlas. Retrieved 4 February2021.
18. ^ Ltd, Libros Media. "15
most spoken languages". Rocket
Languages. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
19. ^ Jump up to:abcd Yelmen, Burak; Mondal, Mayukh; Marnetto, Davide; Pathak, Ajai
K; Montinaro, Francesco; Gallego Romero, Irene; Kivisild, Toomas; Metspalu,
Mait; Pagani, Luca (August 2019). "Ancestry-Specific
Analyses Reveal Differential Demographic Histories and Opposite Selective
Pressures in Modern South Asian Populations". Molecular
Biology and Evolution. 36 (8): 1628–1642. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz037. ISSN 0737-4038. PMC 6657728. PMID 30952160. Cite
error: The named reference ":0" was defined multiple times with
different content (see the help page).
20. ^ Menon, Amamath K. (1 June 2014). "Telangana is born, KCR to take oath as its first
CM". India Today. Archived from the original on 11 November
2014. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
21. ^ Jump up to:ab "Kannadigas outnumber Malayalis 2:1 in Tamil Nadu". The Times of India. 15 April 2008. Archived from the
original on 13 November 2011.
Retrieved 6 March 2018.
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